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history chapter 2
Islam empire
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Umayyad | (661-750)after the death of the caliph Ali, They ruled dar al-islam as conquerors, and established their capital at Damascus, which helped maintain central control on the Islamic empire. Had a big period of expansion to Spain and India. |
| Abbasid | umayyad dynasty fell to rebels in persia. rebellion lead by Abu al-abbas, was principal piece of authority in dar al-islam. cosmopolitan and let conquered people rise to high positions as well as Arabs. It reached is peak under Harun al-Rashid. |
| Harun al-Rashid | Harun al-Rashid was one of the rulers of the Abbasid dynasty. He brought a high point in the dynasty, with Baghdad becoming a center of trade , banking, crafts, and industrial production. He also supported the arts a lot. |
| Ibn Rushd | He was an influential Muslim philosopher who followed Aristotle in trying to rational understanding of the world. It helped shape Islamic philosophy and also came to schools in western Europe with his name as Averroes. |
| Abu al-Abbas | he was distantly related to Muhammad. he allied with the Shias and the Muslims, he is the one who founded the Abbasid dynasty. he was a Sunni Arab, but allied with the Shias and Muslims who were not Arabs in order to get the rule. |
| Muhammad | He was the prophet of Islam, and the one who started the religion after being enlightened. He was a merchant married to a wealthy widow before. |
| Khadija | She was Muhammad's wife and she was well known and wealthy. She was a widow before she married Muhammad. Muhammad gained a place of some prominence from marrying her. |
| Mecca | Where Muhammad was from and an important place in Arabia. It is where the Hajj is conducted. Muslims have to pray daily in the direction of Mecca. |
| Yathrib (Medina) | Where the prophet Muhammad and his followers migrated to after being persecuted in mecca. When Muhammad migrated there it started the Islamic calendar and it means "the city of the prophet" |
| Damascus | Damascus was a thriving commercial city in syria that became the capital during the umayyad dynasty. |
| Baghdad | The built and chosen as capital of the Abbasid dynasty. it was the center of government and in the center of the city the caliph had a palace. |
| Ka'ba | The Ka'ba is a main shrine in Mecca, and is the goal of Muslims who embark on the Hajj. It used to be a black rock that used to be seen as the home of a deity, but Muhammad denied that and only let his trusted followers go to it. |
| Quran | The Quran is an Islamic book that is believed to contain divine revelations of Allah as showed to Muhammad. |
| Hadith | A collection of teachings and sayings from Muhammad and deeds of Muhammad's life. it is seen as a guide for interpretation for the Quran. |
| Sharia | The Islamic holy law, it was made by theologians from the Quran and accounts of Muhammad's life. It has developed into a way of life with ethical and social values that people follow. |
| Sunni | They believe in the early caliphs, and are against the idea that only a descendant of Ali could lead. |
| Shia | They were against the Sunni and believed that only a descendent of Ali should rule. These were a smaller group though. |
| What does dar al-Islam mean and to what does the term refer? | Dar al-Islam means "the house of Islam", and is used as a word for the Islamic world and lands under Islamic rule. |
| How did the Bedouin survive in the harsh conditions of the Arabian desert? | The Bedouin were nomadic peoples who kept herds. They survived by having heavy support and reliance on each other in times of need. This also caused the tribes to develop a strong sense of loyalty to each other. |
| By what routes did goods travel to and from Arabia, making it an important link in the era’s long-distance trade networks? | Routes traveled from ports of the Persian gulf, the Arabian sea, and the red sea. they also traveled on land to Palmyra or Damascus. Arabia was an important link between china and India in the south, and Persia and Byzantium in the west. |
| What did Muhammad’s marriage to Khadija provide? | Because Khadija was wealthy and respected, he gained a place of some prominence in Meccan society, helping his name get known even slightly. |
| What religions were predominant in Arabia around 600 AD? | Polytheistic religions mostly made up the population, but there was also Jewish merchants and some Arabs converting to Christianity. Muhammad was familiar with the traditions because he was a merchant. |
| What convictions was Muhammad left with after his spiritual transformation? | only one deity, Allah, that Allah ruled the universe, that to worship other, 'false' gods was wicked, and that soon, Allah would bring judgment and punish the wicked and reward the righteous. |
| What is the dual role played by the Quran? | The Quran both serves as Muhammad's understanding of Allah and his plan, and as authority for Islamic religious doctrine and social organization. |
| How is the Hadith used in conjunction with the Quran? | The Hadith is a collection of sayings of Muhammad and the accounts of his deeds. The Hadith is seen as a sort of guide for the interpretation of the Quran, so it is used in conjunction with the Quran. |
| What were the two principle reasons the ruling elites of Mecca disapproved of Muhammad and his teachings? | as polytheistic people, they saw his insistence on how there was only one true God as offensive, and how the elites saw it as a direct threat to their power and position when they heard him say greed was a wickedness Allah would punish them for. |
| What was the result of Muhammad’s continued condemnation of idolatry? | His idea of idolatry as bad served as an economic threat to people who kept and got money from shrines to deities that merchants would often visit. Because of this, the ruling elites started to persecute Muhammad and his growing group of followers. |
| What is the significance of the hijra? | The hijra was the migration where Muhammad fled to Medina and joined a group of his followers there. It was significant because his move represents the starting point in the official Islamic calendar. |
| After the move to Medina, what role did Muhammad play within his new community? | After his move, Muhammad started to act as the head of his small society. He provided both religious and practical guidance. |
| How did Muhammad deal with the words of the Jewish and Christian profits that came before him? | Muhammad held Jewish and Christian prophets in high esteem, and believed that all monotheistic people shared the Allah as their God, but he also saw his message as a more complete revelation of Allah and his plan. He saw himself as the final prophet. |
| What did Muhammad do upon his return to Mecca? | They forced the elites to convert to Muhammad's faith , destroyed all pagan shrines and replaced them with mosques, |
| Why did they spare the Ka'ba? | They chose to keep the Ka'ba shrine as a symbol of mecca's greatness, and he only let the faithful to approach the shrine. Muhammad led the first pilgrimage to it. |
| First pillar of Islam? | Muslims must acknowledge Allah as the only god and Muhammad as his prophet |
| second pillar of Islam? | Muslims must pray to Allah daily while facing mecca |
| Third pillar of Islam? | Muslims must observe a fast during the daylight hours of Ramadan |
| Fourth pillar of Islam? | Muslims must contribute alms for the relief of the weak and poor |
| Fifth pillar of Islam? | In honor of Muhammad's visits to Mecca in 629 and 632, Muslims who are able must undertake the Hajj and make at least one pilgrimage to Mecca |
| What are the three possible interpretations of jihad? | Imposing spiritual and moral obligations by requiring them to fight against evil,a call to struggle against ignorance by converting people to the faith, it as how they have to take up sword, fight in war against unbelievers who threaten Islam. |
| What role did the sharia play in the Islamic faith? | Sharia is the islamic holy law that was made by theologians from the Quran and accounts of Muhammad's life. has developed into a way of life with ethical and social values that people follow. |
| What role did the caliphs fill after Muhammad’s death? | Muhammad did not pick anyone to take over control, After a short while, Caliphs were chosen to act as lieutenants or substitutes for Muhammad to lead the umma, not as prophets because Muhammad was the final prophet. |
| What two elements gave Muslim armies the advantage they needed when invading larger empires? | The leaders forged their people into something unified by their allegiance to Islam. The armies chose when to attack strategically, planning to strike when the byzantine and Sassanian empires were exhausted from their conflicts with each other. |
| What area of disagreement led to the emergence of the Shia sect? | Ali got the position as caliph, but he and many of his family members were assasinated. The people who supported Ali got fed up and created the Shia sect that says only Ali's descendants could be caliph. They did not accept the victorious faction. |
| Why did the Umayyad choose Damascus as their capital city? | They chose Damascus as their capital because it was a prominent commercial city in Syria, and because it helped them maintain better communication with the Islamic empire. |
| What Umayyad political policy caused tension within the empire? | a policy towards conquered peoples where people who were conquered were treated much nastier than the Arabs. This was bad because most of the empire was people from other places, and these people started to get angry about the unfair treatment. |
| How did the Umayyad treat the ethnic minorities within their empire? | They allowed people of other religions to keep their religions, but if they did it came with a special head tax called the jizya on those who did not convert to Islam. They were not able to have wealth or positions of authority even if they converted. |
| What ultimately brought about the Umayyad downfall? | Umayyad caliphs started to not care about properly leading and they started to be casual with attitudes towards Islamic doctrine and morality. resistance of the Shia, the conquered peoples in the empire, and the disappointment of Muslim Arab military lead |
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