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Plants
Exam 2 Dr. Weber Ecology and Evolution
| Virdiplatae | Green plants that include green algae and land plants |
| Green algae | The first green plant found in rocks from 725-1000 mya. |
| Nonvascular plants | The first land fossil plants are found in rocks ~475 mya (found near water) |
| The first land plants would have been small and often with low sprawling habits. They lacked rigidity and would have to obtain water via _ | pores |
| Sporopollenin | is a very durable biopolymer that encases spores and prevents dying and keeps them from drying out |
| What were the first land plants that had a cuticle and UV absorbing compound that act as sunscreen? | Nonvascular plants |
| Nonvascular land plants are haploid or diploid? | Haploid (gametophyte dominant) |
| Haploid | gemetophyte |
| Diploid | sporophyte |
| Seedless vascular plants | By the early Devonian, some 408 to 387 million years ago, small plants with simple vascular systems were growing upright and on land. Show up in the fossil record ~420 mya. |
| The evolution of _ and secondary cell walls facilitated the evolution of vascular systems in land plants | lignin |
| Lignin made plants ___ | a lot bigger |
| Seedless vascular plants are sporophyte or gametophyte? | sporophyte |
| Seedless vascular plants have | sporollenin |
| Gymnosperms | The evolution of lignin and secondary cell walls facilitated the evolution of vascular systems in land plants allowing them to grow tall |
| Seeds are key innovation for _ and _ | gymnosperms and angisperms |
| Homospory | produces 1 type of spore |
| Nonvascular plants and most seedless plants are _ | homosporous |
| Sporangium -> _ -> Bisexual gametophyte -> sperm/eggs | spores |
| Heterospory produces _ distinct types of spores by different structures | 2 |
| _ set the stage for the evolution of pollen and seeds | Heterospory |
| Seed plants are _ | heterosporeus |
| Microsporangia -> _ -> male gametophyte -> sperm | microspore |
| Megasporangia -> _ -> female gametophyte -> egg | megaspore |
| Retaining embryos can be disadvantageous. Seeds overcome limitations via well-packaged _ that can be dispersed. Dispersal in seed plants is of the young sporophyte | embryos |
| Land plants made a big break from their aquatic origins when moving _ without the aid of water. In heterosporous seed plants, the microspore germinates to form a tiny male gametophyte | gametes |
| Angiosperms | Flowers and fruit 145-66 mya |
| Most land is __ | angiosperm-dominated |
| Angiosperms are very _ | diverse |
| Angiosperms are good at _ and _ in places where other plants cannot | adapting and existing |
| Flowers diversified into many different sizes, shapes, and colors. One hypothesis for this rapid diversification is that flowers serve as an adaptation to increase the likelihood of _ | pollination |
| Only Angiosperms have _ | ovaries |
| Fruit | is a structure that is derived from the ovary and encloses one or more seeds. Tissues are often adapted for different modes of dispersal |
| All seeds are _ | heterosporous |
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Buggy05