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AP Gov Unit 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Government | The institution through which public policies are made for a society |
| Democracy | A system of selecting policymakers and of organizing government so that policy represents and responds to the publics preferences |
| Representation | A basic principle of traditional democratic theory that describes the relationship between the few leaders and the many followers |
| Majoritarian | Rule by majority |
| Pluralism | A theory of American democracy emphasizing that the policymaking process is very open to the participation of all groups with shared interests |
| Elitism | A theory of American democracy contending that and upper-class elite holds the power and makes policy |
| Hyper pluralism | A theory of American democracy contending that groups are so strong that government which gives in to many different groups |
| Constitution | A nations basic law |
| Declaration of Independence | The document approved by representatives of the American colonies in 1777 that stated their grievances against the British monarch and eclair their independence |
| Natural Rights | Rights inherent in human beings not dependent on the governments which includes life liberty and property |
| Consent of the governed | The idea that the government derives its authority by sanction of the people |
| Limited Government | The idea that certain restrictions should be placed on government to protect the natural rights of citizens |
| Articles of Confederation | The first constitution of the United States adopted by congress in 1777and enacted in 1781 |
| Shay's Rebellion | A series of attacks on the courthouse by a small band of farmers led by Daniel Shays to block foreclosures proceedings |
| US Constitution | The document written in 1787 and ratified in 1788 that sets forth the institutional structure of U.S. government and the tasks these institutions perform |
| Factions | Groups such as parties or interest groups, which according to James Madison arose from the unequal distribution of property or wealth and had the potential to cause instability in government |
| New Jersey Plan | The proposal at the Constitutional Convention that called for equal representation of each state in Congress regardless of the states population |
| Virginia Plan | The proposal at the constitutional Convention that called for representation of each state in Congress in proportion to that states share of the U.S. population |
| Connecticut Compromise | Establishes two houses of congress |
| Writ of Habeas Corpus | A court order requiring jailers to explain a judge why they are holding a prisoner in custody |
| Separation of Powers | A feature of the Constitution that requires each of the three branches of the government to be relatively independent of the others so that one cannot control the others |
| Checks and Balances | Features of the Constitution that limit governments power by requiring each branch to obtain the consent of the others for its action limning and balancing power among the branches |
| Republic | A form of government in which the people select representatives to govern and make laws |
| Federalists | The supporters of the U.S. Constitution at the time the states were contemplating is adoption |
| Anti-Federalists | Opponents of the U.S. Constitution at the time when states were contemplating its adoption |
| Federalist Papers | A collection of 85 articles written by Alexander Hamilton, John Jay and James Madison under the name of Publius to defend the constitution in detail |
| Equal Rights Amendment | A constitutional amendment passed by Congress in 1972 stating that equality of rights under that law shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S. |
| Marbury v. Madison | The 1803 Case in which the Supreme Court asserted its right to determine the meaning of the U.S Constitution. The decision established the Courts power of judicial review over acts of Congress |
| Judicial Review | The power of the courts to determine whether acts of Congress and implication the executive are in accord with the U.S. Constitution |
| Federalism | A way of organizing a nation so that two or more levels of government have formal authority over the same land and people |
| Unitary Governments | A way of organizing a nation so that all power resided in the central government |
| Intergovernmental Relations | The workings of the federal system the entire set of interactions among national state and local governments |
| Supremacy Clause | The clause in Article VI of the Constitution that makes the Constitution, national laws and treaties supreme over state laws as long last the national government is acting within its constitutional limits |
| 10th Amendment | The constitutional amendment stating the powers not delegated to the U.S. by the constitution nor prohibited by it to the states are reserved to the states receptively or to the people |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | An 1819 Supreme Court decision that established supremacy of the national government. Congress had certain implied powers in addition to the powers enumerated in the Constitution |
| Enumerated Powers | Powers of the federal government that are specifically addressed in the Constitution |
| Implied Powers | Powers of the federal government that go beyond those enumerated in the Constitution in accordance with the statement in the Constitution that Congress has the power to make all allows necessary and proper for carrying into execution |
| Elastic Clause | The final paragraph of Article 1 Section 8 of the Constitution which authorizes Congress to pass all laws necessary and proper to carry out the enumerated powers |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | A landmark case decided in 1824 in which the Supreme Court interpreted very badly the clause in Article 1 Section 8 of the Constitution giving Congress the power to regulate interstate commerce as encompassing virtually every form of commercial activity |
| Full Faith and Credit | A clause in Article IV of the Constitution requiring each state to recognize the public acts records and judicial proceedings of all other states |
| Extradition | A legal process whereby a state surrenders a person charged with a crime to the state which the crime is alleged to have been convicted |
| Privileges and Immunities | The provision of the Constitution according citizens of each state the privileges of citizens of other states |
| Dual Federalism | A system of government in which both state and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres each responsible for some politics |
| Cooperative Federalism | A system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government |
| Devolution | Transferring responsibility for policies from the federal government to state and local governments |
| Fiscal Federalism | The pattern of spending taxing and providing grants in the federal system |
| Categorical Grants | Federal grants that can be used only for specific purposes or categories of state and local spending |
| Project Grants | Federal categorical grants given for specific purposes and awarded on the basis of the merits of applications |
| Formula Grants | Federal categorial grants distributed according to a formula specified in legislation or administrative regulations |
| Block Grants | Federal grants given more or less automatically to states or communities to support broad programs in ares such as community development and social services |
| Bill of Rights | The first ten amendments to the U.S. Constitution draped in response to some of the anti-fedralist concerns |
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