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atsci ch 5
clouds and fog
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| define cloud | a visible aggregate of tiny water droplets and/or ice crystals in the atmosphere above the earth's surface |
| define CCN | cloud condensation nuclei - condensation occurs on the suspended particles in the air |
| define haze | small aerosols that remain suspended and scatter light, RH = 75% |
| define fog | condensation forms a cloud near the ground, RH = 100% |
| cirrus translation | curl of hair |
| cirrus height | high |
| what do cirrus clouds look like? | thin and wispy |
| what direction do cirrus clouds move? | west to east |
| what do cirrus clouds indicate? | fair weather |
| cirrocumulus translation | curl of hair, heap |
| cirrocumulus height | high |
| are cirrocumulus clouds more common than cirrus clouds? | no |
| what do cirrocumulus clouds look like? | small, rounded white puffs individually or in long rows (fish scales) |
| cirrostratus translation | curl of hair, layer |
| cirrostratus height | high |
| what do the sun and moon look like through cirrostratus clouds? | clearly visible |
| what do cirrostratus clouds look like? | thin and sheetlike |
| how do cirrostratus clouds make sundogs? | refraction of light through ice crystals |
| what do cirrostratus clouds indicate? | precip |
| what cannot exist without cirrostratus clouds? | sun dogs |
| altocumulus translation | high, heap |
| altocumulus height | middle |
| what are altocumulus clouds made of? | mostly water drops |
| how are altocumulus clouds different than cirrocumulus clouds? | larger puffs, more dark/light contrast |
| altostratus translation | high, layer |
| altostratus height | middle |
| what color are altostratus clouds? | gray, blue gray |
| what are altostratus clouds made out of? | ice crystals and water droplets |
| how much of the sky do altostratus clouds cover? | entire sky |
| what do the sun and moon look like through altostratus clouds? | may show through dimly, no shadows |
| what do altostratus clouds indicate? | form ahead of storms and relatively continuous precip |
| stratus translation | layer |
| stratus height | low |
| what so stratus clouds look like? | uniform, gray |
| what kind of precip comes with stratus clouds? | usually none, but light mist/drizzle possible |
| what do the sun and moon look like through stratus clouds? | not visible |
| nimbostratus translation | rain, layer |
| nimbostratus height | low |
| what do nimbostratus clouds look like? | dark gray |
| what kind of precip comes with nimbostratus clouds? | light or moderate continuous rain or snow |
| what do the sun and moon look like through nimbostratus clouds? | not visible |
| what is the visibility under a nimbostratus cloud? | poor |
| stratocumulus translation | layer, heap |
| stratocumulus height | low |
| what do stratocumulus clouds look like? | low, lumpy, appear in rows, patches, rounded masses |
| can you see blue sky through stratocumulus clouds? | yes, if no higher cloud deck |
| what kind of precip comes with stratocumulus clouds? | none |
| how are stratocumulus clouds different from altostratus clouds? | lower base and larger elements |
| what do cumulus humilis clouds look like? | puffy "cotton", flat base, rounded top |
| what is the difference between cumulus humilis and stratocumulus? | more space between cloud elements |
| what do cumulus congestus look like? | most often a large single cloud but can grow into each other |
| what precip comes with cumulus congestus clouds? | showers, no lightning |
| what do cumulonimbus clouds look like? | thunderstorm cloud, very tall, often reaching tropopause, individual or grouped |
| what precip comes with cumulonimbus clouds? | rain, hail, lightning, etc |
| describe the atmospheric conditions that produce dew | earth's surface cools by radiational cooling |
| describe the atmospheric conditions that produce frost | a covering of ice produced by deposition on exposed surfaces |
| radiation fog method of formation | ground cools to saturation through conduction and radiation, temperature inversion forms |
| radiation fog required conditions | clear skies, light wind |
| radiation fog common locations | low lying areas |
| radiation fog characteristics | shallow and localized (low lying areas), late evening and early morning, deepest around sunrise |
| advection fog method of formation | warm moist air moves horizontally (advects over a cool surface), cools the air to saturation |
| advection fog required conditions | moisture source, light to moderate wind, colder surface |
| advection fog common locations | along california coast, gulf coast |
| advection fog characteristics | day or night, thick/dense, widespread, persistent |
| upslope fog method of formation | moist air flows up an orographic barrier |
| upslope fog required conditions | any sloping terrain, wind component perpendicular to and up the slope, sufficient moisture advection |
| upslope fog common locations | front range of rockies, appalachians |
| upslope fog characteristics | thick, persistent, dense |
| evaporation/mixing fog method of formation | water vapor is added to air that is much colder than the vapor source - adds moisture to the air and mixes to saturation |
| examples of evaporation/mixing fog | steam fog, frontal fog, breath in winter |
| steam fog method of formation | water vapor is added to air that is much colder than the vapor source - adds moisture to the air and mixes to saturation |
| steam fog required conditions | warm moist surface, colder air above surface |
| steam fog common locations | lakes or rivers, asphalt after precip |
| steam fog characteristics | depends on moisture source |
| precip/frontal fog method of formation | rain falls into cooler air |
| precip/frontal fog required conditions | precip, unsaturated air below cloud and near the surface |
| precip/frontal fog characteristics (warm front) | widespread, thick, persistent |
| precip/frontal fog characteristics (cold front) | patchy, thin, temporary |
| ice fog method of formation | either cool the air to saturation or add moisture to the air to saturation |
| ice fog required conditions | clear sky and calm wind, very cold temps (-22 degrees f), minimal moisture source |
| ice for characteristics | frequency changes with decreasing temperature, can be persistent when winds are light and variable |
| difference between polar orbiting and geostationary satellites | polar orbiting orbits the earth, geostationary remains motionless above a point on the earth's surface |
| identify the type of imagery available on weather satellite systems | visible satellite imagery, infrared satellite imagery |
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