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anthro 374 test #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| saussure's model | binary model: signified=concept (interpretant)/signifier=sound or word (sign vehicle) |
| difference between saussure and peirce | saussure doesn't include the world. Arbitrary. Just interested in language. Saussure's doesn't point to reality. |
| Rules | we have an intuitive, mostly unconscious feel for our own language |
| Arbitrariness | languages can divide the world in different ways. Linguistic signs are not pre-determined by the things they refer to. Saussure says the link between signified and signifier is arbitrary, meaning there's no natural connection between the two. |
| value | it's not the world that defines the sign, it's the units of language itself that define one another. language divides up our ideas about the world, assigning different values to stuff (distinction between sheep animal and meat in english but not french) |
| languages are forced to make | choices about what to notice and what to ignore. The world is infinite; the linguistic system is finite |
| naturalization | the choices your language makes will tend to seem natural and necessary |
| linguistic relativity | languages point to different aspects of the world and therefore lead their speakers to pay attention to different aspects of reality |
| 3 aspects of linguistic relativity | 1what you notice. lang point to diff aspects of world leading speakers to pay attn to diff aspects of reality 2what seems essential. what speakers must pay attn to seems more esential or impt 3lang contains concrete metaphors that we use to grasp abstra |
| linguistic relativity based on assumptions | there's an infinity or features of the world you could mention, you can't mention all of them so you have to choose, each lang chooses diff features of world to require u to mention and ignores other features, which some other langs may require |
| WHORF | how languages influence thought/behavior, divide world differently. Overt categories (on surface, -ess). European langs objectify time. |
| Covert categories | buried deep in our habits. Mass vs count nouns. beans vs rice |
| Language doesn't prevent you from | adding info... it's just optional, a matter of choice, therefore conscious awareness |
| how strong are linguistic relativism's claims | linguistic patterns dont restrict what were able to think, only what we habitually think and influence what we think is necessary info. |
| BERLIN and KAY | linguistic relativity is not deterministic. appears to be universal basic color terms. Relativity does survive in habits and metaphors |
| berlin and kay argument against linguistic relativity | some color terms are always the same across languages |
| universal order of colors across languages | white, black, red, green, yellow, blue, brown, and then pink orange etc. |
| do basic color terms disprove relativity? | YES- coding into discrete lexical terms, strong variation in visual perception NO- grammatical patterns, habits, concretizations of abstract domains or experience like time. |
| WAUGH | marked/unmarked. zero vs minus interpretation. How do you find this in real life? |
| the latin stuff | signatum- interpretant/signified signans- sign/vehicle/signifier |
| marked terms in oppositions | overt--> marked in signifier. example: waiter/waitress, prince/princess |
| characteristics of marked terms | occurs less frequently. gives more information. |
| interpreting an unmarked sign? | zero interpretation- unmarked term is the neutral, the default minus interpretation- absence or lack of unmarked trait |
| example of interpreting unmarked sign | NBA vs WNBA NBA is unmarked. is a minus-interpretation-- only includes males, opposite of marked (WNBA) sign. zero interpretation: it is the neutral term or default. often invisible. |
Created by:
maddierw