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History Mid Term
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| History (as defined in class) | Examination of change over time Making connections and disconnects to the present Top down and bottom up approaches |
| Portuguese Exploration, including when they began exploring and what made it possible for them to explore | Began exploring during mid-13th century Possible because of Papal support and being skilled at sailing Henry “the Navigator” who was interested in exploration and encouraged it |
| Interactions between the Portuguese and the Kingdom of Kongo (KLG Intro and prologue) | |
| Spanish Conquest of the Americas: the conquest of the Aztecs | Columbus Sailed to the Americas thinking it was the Indies Conquest of the Aztecs Hernán Cortés forms alliances with Aztec groups Cortés, conquistadors, and allies capture Moctezuma II who is then killed Indigenous pop. rise up against Spanish |
| Spanish Conquest of the Americas: the conquest of the Incas | ncan leader Atahualpa was in control when Spanish invaded Atahualpa tried to create trap for Spain Spain captured Atahualpa and executed him |
| Spanish Conquest of the Americas: Advantages of the Spanish | Incan empire was already weak before Spain came due to civil war and small pox Aztecs defeated partially due to small pox |
| Spanish Conquest of the Americas: how the conquistadors depicted their conquest vs the reality | Justified it by saying they were trying to convert populations to Christianity Reality was that the conquest was very brutal. |
| The Slave Trade, including where the slaves came from, death rates of slaves between capture and being sold, and where the slaves ended up in the Americas | Many slaves came from Africa Slaves ended up doing all the hard and dangerous work Planting sugar → Had to be planted by hand Potosí → Very dangerous mine Led to mercury poisoning Poor ventilation 15-20% of slaves died in the trading process |
| Triangle trade and mercantilism | Europe to Africa: guns + textiles Africa to Americas: slaves Americas to Europe: raw goods → tobacco, cotton, sugar |
| Seven Years’ War | A global conflict between European powers Ended with the treaty of Paris and the treaty of Hubertusburg for Europe Led to taxes and unrest for Britain and France |
| The Holy Roman Empire, including its boundaries and make-up | Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, and other parts of central Europe Dynastic families held power Marriage alliances held an important role |
| The Reformation, including key figures, why rulers may have converted, and the relationship between religion and different types or styles of government | Corruption Catholic church Martin Luther 95 theses sales of indulgences Emphasized scripture > tradition Split Europe into C and P regions John Calvin P - God chooses who will be saved Henry VIII Split from Catholic Church for marriage |
| Indulgences and purgatory | Bought from the Catholic Church to “reduce punishment for sins” of the buyer or for someone in purgatory (waiting to get into heaven) |
| The Wars of Religion: why they were fought | Religious division after reformation Political power Charles V - Rules large empire - Spain and Holy Roman Empire - Wars with France and Ottomans makes him less focused on Holy Roman Empire |
| The Wars of Religion: Schmalkaldic League | Military/defense alliance of protestant rulers |
| The Wars of Religion: St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre | Catholic mobs began killing French protestants (Huguenots) |
| The Wars of Religion: The Peace of Augsburg | Treaty of Augsburg signed in 1555 Legalized Lutheranism Religion of ruler became religion of region |
| The Wars of Religion: 30 years war | Four phases Bohemia Denmark Sweden France Impact Social chaos Issues with the armies Taxation higher to pay for wars |
| The Habsburgs | Charles V was a Habsburg They were a dynastic royal family |
| Edict of Nantes | Law passed by Henry IV giving Huguenots religious freedom and civil rights |
| Peace of Westphalia | Establishes peace and ends conflict Limits emperor’s authority Created Netherlands Switzerland becomes independent Bavaria gains an electoral seat Sweden + France gain land Religious pluralism allowed Accepting and respecting different religions |
| The Scientific Revolution | Nicolaus Copernicus - Destroyed rationale for spheres - Universe is larger than previously thought - Some protestants accepted, not influential in Catholic Church until 1600 |
| how science was understood before the Scientific Revolution | Concept of universe Earth was at the center Stars and moon embedded in spheres Heaven beyond spheres Emphasized the role of math in understanding the world |
| Martin Luther | 95 theses Rebelled against Church told to stop, but said he wouldn’t unless they gave him reasons why he was wrong. They didn’t so he continued Important to history because he helped people understand how the Church was abusing people Indulgences |
| Jan (John) Hus | One of first major figures to openly challenge the church 100 years before Luther Provided a good foundation for Luther |
| European Witch-Hunts | Church + state authorities try to find and accuse people, mostly women, of witch craft + would execute them during times of hardship, people found someone to blame shows how fear, religious conflict, and social pressure leads to injustice and violence |
| The Huguenots | French Protestants Spread protestant ideas in France St. Bartholomew’s Day Massacre Important to history for spreading protestantism across Europe |
| Henry Navarre/Henry IV | Was king of France Gave Huguenots religious freedom and civil rights Promoted tolerance and unity for the French Important to history because he helped pave the way for absolutism |
| Charles V | Rules large empire including Spain + Holy Roman Empire Called Diet of Worms - Luther refused to recant Faced Martin Luther + rise of protestantism he held a big role in the reformation because he tried to preserve catholic unity. |
| Defenestration of Prague | It was the straw that broke the camels back for the 30 years war when protestant nobles in Bohemia were angry at Catholic Habsburgs Nobles threw 2 catholic royal officials and the secretary out of the window and they all survived. |
| Absolutism | Complete authority to rule given to the monarch who was chosen by God to rule. |
| Louis XIV | king in hard financial situation due to 30 yrs war. Claims stood between French people + disorder less powerful men in positions to stay most powerful Tolerant - wanted religious unity Developed support of nobles through court life at Versailles |
| Philosophes | People who were against absolutism. (Voltaire is an example) Criticized the Church’s power |
| The Enlightenment | The influential intellectual movement that introduced a new worldview based on the use of reason, the scientific method, and progress “An awakening” |
| Enlightened Absolutism | Ideas of absolutism that were influenced by values of the Enlightenment Monarchs still hold all power but should embrace ideas of rationalism, progress, and tolerance |
| Frederick the Great | Ruled in Prussia He was an enlightened absolutist Had interest in French culture |
| Deism | The idea that God exists and He created the world, but that like a watch, he wound it up and let it go. That God doesn’t work in the world but He created it A philosophy that emerged during the enlightenment |
| Rationalism | Used especially during the enlightenment to understand and improve the world |
| The Scientific Method | Using evidence and reasoning to understand the world which closely connects to the enlightenment |
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