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HSOC 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Heraclitus | all is change: “It is not possible to step twice into the same river (Theories of Change) |
| Xeno | paradox of motion, space, time Achilles and the tortoise (Theories of Change) |
| Milesians:Thales | Water |
| Galen | Medicine & anatomy; emphasized function of human organs (physiological) according to Aristotelian causation (material, formal, efficient, final) (Middle Period) |
| Dioscorides | Herbalism / Medicine; description of botanical features of plants among with pharmacological uses (Middle Period) (greek expert, created illustrated manuscripts of around 900 drugs) |
| Aristarchus | maintained that the earth revolves around the sun. earth is part of universe * precursor to the heliocentric model (alternative cosmologies in the Greek world: ) |
| Ibn Sina | Created Canon of Medicine, Islamic scholar, was renowned for his theories on medicine and theological philosophy. Viewed his theories on science and medicine as striving towards the unity of god Wrote the Book of Healing, which summarized all knowledge |
| Natural Philosophy in the Islamic World | Big piece: They did more than translate scientific texts, were contributing to them and doing own scientific work |
| Ibn Rushd: | analyzed Aristotelian philosophy and made a key distinction between theological truth and philosophical truth as separate realms of thought that couldn’t conflict with eahc other |
| Jabir (Geber) | attributed about 200 manuscripts. Used mercury to reorder matter. Purification of metals similar to treatment of disease |
| Paracelsus | physician. Applied knowledge of metals to the treatment of disease. Credited with founding the field of medical chemistry. Link b/w alchemy and modern chemistry |
| The Scientific Revolution | 3 “acts” - periodization of SR *know these dates 1. precursors: medieval to early modern 13th to 16th centuries 2. the main narrative: Copernicus to Newton (1540s-1720s) 3. the aftermath: 18th-19th centuries |
| William of Ockham | Critiqued Aristotelian explanations as too complex (4 causes).Developed philosophy of “nominalism” (vs “realism”) contingency of facts based on observation (all swans are white) ● Independence of philosophy from theology |
| Ockham’s razor | Law of Parsimony (aka Ockham’s razor): if there is more than one explanation for a given phenomenon, it is more logical (correct) to choose the simplest. Relation to heliocentric model, lots of complex work, epicycles |
| “Letter to the Grand Duchess Christina” | Bible was relevant to matters of faith but not to be read as a literal guide to the natural world. (From Galileo to Duchess) |
| first trial (1616): | Inquisition determined the Copernican system was heretical; Copernicus’s book Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres was placed on the Index of Prohibited Books; Cardinal Bellarmine verbally warned Galileo not to “hold, teach, or defend” the theory |
| Bellarmine’s injunction Dialogues Concerning the Two Chief World Systems (1632) role of Simplicio: | Galileo writes this dialogue, where one character speaks in support of the Copernican system and another, anmed Simplicio, speaks for the Aristotelian system and the Church. |
| second trial (1633-1634) | Found Vehemently suspected of heresy. Sentenced to imprisonment. Sentences changed from imprisonment to permanent house arrest. |
| Sanguine/Blood/Air (Hippocrates) | Cheerful, optimistic, sociable, expressive, lively, charismatic, and enthusiastic |
| Choleric/Yellow Bile/Fire (Hippocrates) | Ambitious, goal-oriented, - decisive, self-confident, quick-thinking, and can be aggresive |
| Melancholic/Black Bile/Earth | Analytical, sensitive, - organized, reflective, detail-oriented, and - thoughtful |
| Phlegmatic/Phlegm/Water | Calm, relaxed, easygoing, thoughtful, diplomatic, and balanced. |
| Ptolemy | Astronomy & geography, retrograde motion of planets (when the motion of a planet appears to reverse direction for a portion of its orbit and then return to the regular direction), epicycle, “saving the phenomena" |
| Pythagoreans | believed mathematics was key to understanding universe: relation between numeric simplicity and cosmic beauty. Viewed Earth as near, but not at center of universe |
| Li Shizhen | Compendium of Materia Medica (emphasis on Chinese medical herbs) |
| Alchemy | the art of transmutation, combination of natural philosophy with a desire to manipulate nature. Great chain of being (hierarchy and order of spirit/being from God to us, top-down) |
| al-Razi | Persian physician trained in music and mathematics. Used opium as anesthetic. Wrote Secret of Secrets, the first laboratory manual describing materials/chemicals, apparatus, and recipes |
| Arnold of Villanova | physician, astrologer, and alchemist. Wrote Rosary of the Philosophers and Greatest Secret of all Secrets, which claimed to have discovered the secret of matter known to Plato, Aristotle, and Pythagoras |
| Agricola | wrote On the Nature of Metals, which provided detailed processes for smelting ores into metals |
| Hermeticism | Hermes Trismegistus, salvation through self-knowledge and personal-insight. Interconnectedness of cosmos and humanity. philosophy based on Egyptian, Babylonian, Greek ideas |
| Ontology | what exists? |
| Epistemology | what is knowledge? how do we know what we know? what is truth? |
| Robert Grosseteste | primacy of Christian theology but Aristotelian concepts can also be true |
| Albertus Magnus: | interpretation of Aristotle to glorify God’s creation |
| Roger Bacon | English philosopher, experimented on optics, gunpowder |
| Theodoric of Freiberg | ● developed theory of the rainbow that built on previous Islamic work ● carried out experiments by shining light on glass globes ● correcting Aristotelian theories |
| Martin Luther | He believed that some Church practices were corrupt and questioned who had the authority to interpret. His belief in Sola fide (By faith alone) and Sola scripture (by word alone) contrasted the Church doctrine of “Good Works” and “Indulgences.”: |
| Copernicus - Introduction to On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres: | : Copernicus writes about a heliocentric model of the universe, that places the sun at the center and other planets revolving around it. He dedicates the book to the Pope to attempt to avoid backlash. |
| Council of Trent (Counter-Reformation) | Reaffirmed the Church’s sole authority to interpret the Bible and created the Index of Prohibited Books to ban heretical works. |
| authority of Church in interpretation of scripture | Reaffirmed the idea that the Church had the sole authority to interpret the bible. Created an index of Prohibited Books to ban heretical works. |
| importance of patronage (Medici) | The Medici family held a widespread financial and cultural support for artists, scholars, and public workers during the Italian Renaissance |
| Starry Messenger (1610): | Galileo publishes this book, which was dedicated to Cosimo de Medici, naming the four moons of Jupiter after the Medici brothers. |
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jinko