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General

Blood and the Lymphatic and Immune Systems

TermDefinition
Blood at a Glance Red blood cells and plasma in the blood transport substances in the body. White blood cells fight infection> Platelets initiate the blood clotting process. Blood components include plasma and blood cells (erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets).
Anatomy and Physiology of Blood The average adult has about five liters of blood. Blood is a mixture of cells floating in watery plasma. Three types of blood cells; erythrocytes (red blood cells), leukocytes (white blood cells), and platelets. Blood cells are produced in bone marrow.
Plasma About 55% of blood is plasma. Plasma is 90-92% water and 8-10% dissolved substances. Proteins are among the dissolved substances (Albumin transports fatty substances, Gamma globulins act as antibodies, Fibrinogen is a clotting protein).
Erythrocytes enucleated biconcave disks. Adults have ~35 trillion red blood cells. Hemoglobin gives these cells their red color (pigment containing iron, responsible for transporting oxygen). Red blood cells live 120 days and are removed from circulation by liver
Leukocytes Leukocytes are white blood cells. They are spherical with a large nucleus. White blood cells provide protection against pathogens. There are two types: granulocytes have granules in cytoplasm, agranulocytes do not have granules.
Leukocytes There are three types of granulocytes. Basophils release histamine and heparin to damaged tissue. Eosinophils destroy parasites and increase during allergic reactions. Neutrophils engulf foreign material and dead cells via phagocytosis.
Leukocytes There are two types of agranulocytes. Mono cites engulf foreign and damaged cells via phagocytosis. Lymphocytes provide protection during the immune response.
Platelets Smallest formed element of the blood. They are platelike fragments of larger cells that have broken apart. Platelets are critical to blood clotting; they agglutinate at a site of damage and release substances that contribute to clot formation.
Blood Typing Each persons blood is different. Marker proteins on the surface of erythrocytes cause the differences. Blood typing must be done before a blood transfusion. the test determines whether donor and recipient blood are compatible, ABO and Rh systems are key.
Blood Typing: ABO System There are two possible red blood cell markers, A and B. Blood with the A marker is type A, which produces anti-B antibodies that attack type B blood. Blood with the B marker is type B blood, which produces anti-A antibodies that attack type A blood.
Blood Typing: ABO System Blood with both markers is type AB blood, which produces no antibodies that will attack no other blood types. Blood with no markers is type O blood, which produces both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, that attack all other blood types.
Blood Typing: ABO System Type O blood has neither A nor B markers; which is not attacked by antibodies in other blood types, it is the universal donor type. Type AB blood has no antibodies, it cannot attack other blood types, being the universal recipient type.
Blood Typing: Rh Factor There are two possibilities for Rh factor. Blood with Rh factor is Rh-positive, it does not make anti-Rh antibodies. Blood without Rh factor is Rh-negative, it makes anti-Rh antibodies.
Blood Typing; Rh Factor Rh-positive blood has no antibodies, it cannot attach Rh-negative blood and can receive either type. Rh-negative blood has antibodies, it will attack Rh-positive blood, as such it can only receive Rh-negative blood
Created by: Ollie..06
 

 



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