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dinosaurs final exam
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| paleontology | study of history of life and its meaning, and eclectic field. It's a 4-D science, an eclectic field |
| fossils | preserved remains of organisms from the remote past |
| fossil record | includes fossils and spatiotemporal / geological context. fossils have been interpreted thru culture, religion, story. practical, symbolic, protective interpretations. |
| early human engagement | swanscombe flint axe, graves, glossopterae (tongue shaped), toad stone. |
| early developments in paleontology | xenophanes: marine shells on dry land. Shen kuo: shifting coastlines and climate change. Da vinci: rejection of biblical explanations. Steno: fossils are remains of once living organisms. |
| becoming a fossil | have a hard part in your body. occur in a depositional environment, buried by sediment. |
| where to find fossils | sedimentary rocks, exposed and of the right age. |
| modes of fossilization: taphonomy | study of processes including decay, burial, preservation of organisms in the fossil record. |
| modes of fossilization: permineralization | voids within a hard part become infilled with a mineral |
| molds and casts: external mold | impression and outside of structure |
| modes of fossilization: casts | infilled molds |
| modes of fossilization: internal mold | infilling of void inside of structure |
| modes of fossilization: carbonization | many fossil plants preserved as carbon film |
| modes of fossilization: pyritization | preservation of soft parts in pyrite, ex: trilobite |
| modes of fossilization: phosphatization | preservation of soft parts in phosphate, ex: fish |
| trace fossils | remains preserving trace/mark of organism on substrate, ex: footprints |
| ichnology | study of trace fossils |
| coprolite | fossilized fecal remains, giving clues about diet |
| chemical fossils | chemical compounds diagnostic of particular organisms or metabolic pathways often called biomarkers |
| structure of earth | core, mantle, crust |
| kinds of rocks: igneous | derived from mantle |
| kinds of rocks: metamorphic | rocks transformed by heat and pressure |
| kinds of rocks: sedimentary | erosional byproducts of other rocks that preserve fossils |
| stratigraphy | the study of the order, relative position, and age of rock layers in the geological record. |
| stratographic tools: superposition | younger sediments are deposited on older ones |
| stratographic tools: original horizontality | beds deposited in a horizontal orientation |
| stratographic tools: lateral continuity | beds extend laterally although may be truncated by erosion |
| stratographic tools: faunal succession | particular fossils show a regular sequence in rock units as one moves from older to younger beds |
| stratographic tools: cross cutting relationships | structures cutting through beds post date formation of those beds |
| unconformity | a surface separating the rock units indicating a gap in deposition of erosion |
| uniformitarianism | past changes in the earth could arise from the same processes operating today, acting over immense timescales |
| distinction | fossil mammals quite clearly related to living examples but unrepresented in modern fauna |
| radioactive decay | during decay, an element is transformed into another. can give estimate of age: radiometric dating. |
| geological timescale | precambrian: 4.55 billion years ago to 541 million years ago phanerozoic: 541 million years ago to present |
| great chain of being | scala naturae: order of nature in European middle ages. inherently static, rings of ladder must stay intact |
| natural theology | Renaissance means attention turned to nature. emphasis on observation and experiment. |
| system of classification | kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species |
| homology | similarity between organisms attributable to its derivation from the same ancestral feature |
| analogy | independent origins of a trait: similarity not due to homology |
| biological evolution: | change in the attributes of organisms over successive generations |
| natural selection | describes fit of organisms to the environments in which they live. adaptation is key. |
| cambrian explosion | sudden appearance of most major groups of animals in the fossil record. 540 million ya. between precambrian and phanerozoic |
| first algae | 2.2 billion ya. major role in shaping atmosphere: great oxygenization event. influx of oxygen in atmosphere, necessary for organisms w aerobic metabolisms |
| phanerozoic | 541 Ma -252 Ma --> Paleozoic 252 Ma - 66 Ma --> Mesozoic (age of dinosaurs) 66 Ma - present --> Cenozoic |
| continental drift | wegener hypothesis that continents have moved over time |
| evidence for continental drift | shapes of continents, distribution of fossil plants and animals, glacial deposits near equator, continuity of geological features |
| spreading seafloor: marie tharp | mapped atlantic basin, allows us to see changes in geometry of seafloor. intense activity, new crust, distribution of modern plates |
| mesozoic geography of plates: triassic | pangaea |
| mesozoic geography of plates: jurassic | early: laurasia drifts north. late: gondwana breaks apart. |
| mesozoic geography of plates: cretaceous | early: north gondwana divides mid: S.A. separates from Africa: atlantic ocean forms late: madagascar and india split. |
| life in mesozoic: ammonites | shelled relative of octopi and squid. index fossils. extinction at end of Mesozoic |
| life in mesozoic: marine reptiles | ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, mosasaurs, marine crocs. |
| life in mesozoic: ppterosaurs | powered flight |
| life in mesozoic: angiosperms | earliest flowering plants |
| earliest dino discovery | England 17th century Plot and Buckland |
| Buckland finds | megalosaurus 1824 |
| mantells find | iguanadon 1825 |
| richard owen coined | dinosauria. long limbs, teeth into sockets, big bones |
| first american discovery | Leidy, 1858, Hadrosaurus |
| 1950s view of dinosaurs | evolutionary failures: must not be great if they went extinct |
| ornithischian | pubis bone points backwards. thyreophora, ornithopoda, marginocephalia |
| saurischian | pubis bone points forwards. sauropoda, theropoda. |
| birds are | saurischian, although ornithischian dinos called bird hip |
| archosauria | holes in skull: antorbital and mandibular fenestra, teeth: ziphodont and thecodont, s-shaped femur |
| not dinosaurs | ichthyosaur, pelycosaur, pterosaur, mammoths, mastodons |
| ichthyosaur | no holes and not the right teeth |
| ornithischia: thyreophora types | stegosaurs, ankylosaurs |
| ornithischia: ornithopoda types | duckbills, iguandontids |
| ornithischia: marginocephelia types | pachycephalosaurs, ceratopsians |
| ornithischia: thyreophora: stegosaurs | armor, quadropedal plates for display and thermoregulation, spikes on tail end to defend |
| ornithischia: thyreophora: ankylosaurs | divided into nodosaurids and ankylosaurids. ankylosaurids have broad beak, cranial horns, tail club, bony eyelids. |
| ornithischia: ornithopoda types | heterodontisauria, hypsolophodontia, iguanodontia |
| ornithischia: ornithopoda: iguanodontia: hadrosauria | many small close teeth, crests on skulls |
| ornithischia: marginocephelia: pachycephalosaurs | bipedal, thick skull, skull ornament |
| ornithischia: marginocephelia: ceratopsians | cheek spur, tall snout, rostral bone |
| saurischia: souropodomorpha | gigantic, long necked herbivores |
| saurischia: theropoda | carnivores, small and large. 3 large digits on hand. |
| saurischia: souropodomorpha: prosauropods | walking on hind legs. not natural group. |
| saurischia: souropodomorpha: sauropods | elongated neck, small skull, serrated teeth. so big--> quadropedal. |
| morphospace: | quantitative depiction of similarity/ dissimilarity between species for a given set of anatomical traits. |
| pneunatized | bone with air-filled cavaties |
| graviportal | heavy land animal, thick columnar limbs. |
| allometry | change in shape as function of size |
| saurischia: theropoda: ceratosauria | horned, reduced 4th digit and 3 normals. widely distributed. |
| saurischia: theropoda: tetanurae | maxillary fenestration: new hole in skull |
| saurischia: theropoda: tetanurae: spinosauria | large extensions from backbone. maybe semiaquatic |
| saurischia: theropoda: tetanurae: coelurosauria | filaments to feathers, stiffened tail. small but evolved to giant. |
| natural groups | start at node, take every branch the descends from that node. if you must exclude any descendant from that to make your group, it's NOT a natural group |
| NOT a natural group | paraphyletic (includes ancestor but not all descendants) or polyphyletic (combines taxa from different ancestors) |
| endothermy | ability of animals to elevate body temp relative to environment opposite is ectothermy |
| homeothermy | ability of animals to maintain constant internal temps opposite is poikilothermy |
| mammals and birds are | endothermic |
| late 1800s dinos were considered 1900s dinos were considered | dynamic: paleoart, active, jumping sluggish, lumbering bests: evolutionary failures |
| evidence for dino endothermy (warmbloodedness) | predator prey ratios similar to mammals. geographic distribution. growth rates. insulation. |
| against dino endothermy | unlike mammals, dinos have short and narrow nasal passages |
| anatomy of archaeopteryx | combo of bird and reptile features |
| birds features of arcchaeopteryx | feathers |
| reptile features | claw bearing fingers, teeth, no beak, long bony tail |
| birds and dinos share a common ancestor: | furcula: wishbone of birds. our clavicle is homologous to bird furcula. dinos absence of clavicle or furcula. |
| birds are a KIND of dino | Deinonychus: terrible claw implies high activity levels: birds arent just related, but ARE dinos. also feathers, lung structure, pnuematicity, and nesting behavior |
| dino and bird feathers | have a variety, fuzz, range of structures |
| birds and dinos full of hot air | air sacs like dinos with pneumatized skeletons implying presence of air sacs |
| nesters | bird-like reproductive behavior in dinos, nesting |
| big 5 | 5 major mass extinctions in phanerozoic |
| mesozoic associated with 3 of 5 mass extinctions | end-Permian, beginning of mesozoic end-Triassic, might have contributed to rise of dinos end-Cretaceous, extinction of dinos except birds |
| permo-triassic extinction | more than 90% of species extinct due to greenhouse gases, oceans not as oxygenated |
| triassic jurassic extinction | crocs hit hard, dinos take over, diversify |
| cretaceous palogene extinction | global event, many groups effected, not just dinos. meteorite impact. |
| gubbio italy | spike in iridium, global rock anomoly |
| other geological evidence for meteorite impact | microtektites: formed by ejection of molten rock shocked quartz: deformation of quartz crystals under high pressures crater: chicxulub, mexico, 66Ma old |
| consequences of meteroite impact | devastation for organisms, acid rain, wildfires, atmospheric dust cloud for 6 months, inhibition of photosynthesis |
| aftermath | extinction of large-bodied in every setting. cant get enough food/energy. smaller animals can survive easier. |
| age of earth | 4.5 Ga (billion) |
| beginning of mesozoic (triassic) | 251 Ma (million) |
| rise of dinosaurs | 227 Ma |
| end of mesozoic (cenozoic begins) | 66 Ma |
| ornithischia | cheeks and beaks. pubis points backwards |
| ornithischia; thyreophora | quadropedal, armor |
| ornithischia; ornithopoda | jaw joint below tooth row |
| ornithischia; marginocephalia | elaborated edges of skull |
| saurischia | pubis points forwards, elongated thumbs |
| saurischia; sauropodomorpha | long neck, small head, lanceolate teeth |
| saurischia; theropoda | 3 large fingers |
| dinosauria features | cnemial crest and perforate acetabulum |
| first 3 dinos discovered that owen put into group | megalosaurus, iguanodon, hylaeosaurus |
| cuvier | extinction |
| darwin | natural selection |
| owen | dinosaur group |
| xenophanes | presence of marine shells on dry land-- must have been underwater |
| shen kuo | shifting coastlines>fossil seashells climate change. petrified bamboo |
| da vinci | rejects biblical explanations previous coastlines had been uplifted |
| Steno | fossils are remains of once living organisms |
| Hutton and Lyell | uniformitarianism and deep time |
| uniformitarianism | past changes in the Earth system could arise from the same processes operating today, but acting over immense timescales. The present is the key to the past |
| buffon | mechanism for age of earth formation with iron spheres and cooling |
| kelvin | temp of earth and thermal temp of rocks to determine age of earth |
| becquerel | uranium salts emitting energy that is independent of the sun |
| marie curie | radioactivity. radioactive decay series in 1902 and radiometric dating in1905 |
| linnaeus | nested scheme of the system of classification used today, |
| wegener | continental drift |
| tharp | maps seafloor |
| plot | thinks dinosaur fossils are giant humans |
| buckland | determines they are from reptiles, Megalosaurus |
| Mary Ann and Gideon Mantell | iguanodon and hylaeosaurus |
| owen | dinosaur group: megalosaurus, iguanodon, hylaeosaurus |
| Leidy | hadrosaurus in US |
| cope and marsh | the bone wars |
| Mary Anning | ichthyosaurus -- not a dinosaur |
| huxley | birds arose from dinosaurs |
Created by:
maddierw