Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
A&P Lecture 1 pt. 2
A&P Lecture 1 Week 1 pt. 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Epithelial tissues: | sheet of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick, with upper surface exposed to environment or internal space Has a top and a bottom - because they have proteins embedded in the membrane |
| ET also: | Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities Constitutes most glands Avascular (does not have blood vessels) - nourished by ct Is usually nourished by underlying connective tissue |
| Functions of epithelial tissue | Protect-deeper tissues from injury/ infection Secrete -produce/release mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones Excrete-void waste from issues Absorb-absorb chemical Filter-all substances leave body are filtered by ET Sensation-nerve ending detect stimuli |
| General structure of epithelial: | cells are closely pact together, have small amount of extracellular material High rate of mitosis in cells near CT Rests on a basement membrane Has collagen, glycoproteins, other protein-carbohydrate complexes Anchors the epithelium to CT below |
| basement membrane | (layer between an epithelium and an underlying connective tissue) |
| Basal surface— | surface facing the basement membrane |
| Apical surface— | surface that faces away from the basement membrane |
| Lateral surface— | surface between the basal and apical surface, the “sidewall” |
| Epithelia classified by number of cell layers | 1 layer: simple |
| Stratified epithelia have cells on top of others, so not all contact the basement membrane | 2+ layers: stratified |
| Squamous cells: | similar to a cracked egg - egg yolk as the nucleus |
| Simple squamous epithelium: | thin, scaly cells Single row of thin cells Permits rapid diffusion or transport of substances Secretes serous fluid Locations: alveoli, glomeruli, endothelium, and serosa |
| Simple squamous ET Main function & location: | Function: diffusion (of gases) location: lungs, capillaries |
| Simple cuboidal epithelium: | squarish or round cells Single layer of square or round cels Absorption and secretion, mucus production, and movement Locations: liver, thyroid, mammary and salivary glands, bronchioles, and kidney tubules |
| Simple cuboidal ET main function and location: | function: absorb & secrete location: kidney, glands (endocrine glands) |
| Simple columnar epithelium: | Single row of tall, narrow cells oval nuclei in basal half of cells Brush border of microvilli, sometimes ciliated, may possess goblet cells Absorb/secrete of mucus smooth top Locations: lining of GI tract, uterus, kidney, and uterine tubes |
| Simple columnar ET main function and location | function: absorb & secrete location: GI tract & fallopian tubes |
| whenever the shape changes | the function also changes Everytime we change anatomy of something we change the function |
| In the fourth type, pseudostratified columnar, | not all cells reach the surface but all reach the basement membrane Falsely appears stratified, as some cells taller than others |
| Goblet cells— | wineglass-shaped mucus-secreting cells in simple columnar and pseudostratified epithelia |
| Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium | looks multilayered, but all cells touch basement membrane Nuclei at several layers Has cilia and goblet cells Secretes and propels mucus Locations: respiratory tract and portions of male urethra |
| Ciliated pseudostratified columnar ET main function and location: | function: create and propel mucus location respiratory tract |
| Cilia on top of pseudostratified is for | movement Microvilli on top is for absorption |
| Stratified epithelia range from | 2 to 20 or more layers of cells Some cells rest directly on others; only the deepest layer attaches to the basement membrane |
| A fourth type, urothelium, is | unique to the urinary tract - previously called transitional epithelium |
| Epidermis: | outside layer of the skin |
| Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium: | Multiple cell layers; cells become flat and scaly toward surface Resists abrasion; retards water loss through skin; resist penetration by pathogenic organisms Locations: epidermis, palms and soles heavily keratinized |
| Keratinized stratified squamous ET main function and location: | function: resists friction, prevent water loss location: epidermis, oral cavity, and vagina |
| Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium: | Same as keratinized epithelium without surface layer of dead cells Resists abrasion and penetration of pathogens Location: tongue, oral mucosa, esophagus, and vagina |
| Stratified cuboidal epithelium: | Two or more cell layers; surface cells square or round Secretes sweet, produces sperm, and produces ovarian hormones Locations: sweat gland ducts; ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules |
| Stratified cuboidal ET main function and location: | function: produces sweat, produce ovarian hormones location: sweat gland, ovary |
| Stratified columnar epithelium: | location: mammary glands |
| Urothelium: | Multilayered epithelium with surface cells that change from round to flat when stretched Allows for filling of urinary tract Locations ureter and bladder |
| Urothelium ET main function and location: | expansion of urinary bladder urinary bladder |
| Pseudostratified: | fuzzy top and messy nucleus |
| Connective tissue: | most abundant, widely distributed, variable type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than matrix Most cells are not in direct contact w each other highly variable vascularity Loose CT have many blood vessels Cartilage has no blood vessels |
| Functions of connective tissues: | organ binding— bone to another, muscles, skin, organs in place Support— framework of organs Physical —cushion delicate organs Immune — cells attack foreign Movement—bones Storage— fat, calcium, phosphorus Heat —brown fat blood Transport |
| Fibrous connective tissue: | Classified together because fibers are so conspicuous Components of fibrous connective tissue: |
| Cells breakdown: | Blast cells: builder cells (fibroblast, builds fibers) Osteo: bones (osteoblast, builds bones) Phage: to consume Macro-big -cyte: is an adult cell in interphase |
| Cells: | Fibroblasts produce fibers, ground substance of matrix Macrophages arise from monocytes; phagocytize foreign material, activate immune system when they sense foreign matter (antigens) Leukocytes, or white blood cells (WBCs) function in immune defense |
| cell examples again | Neutrophils attack bacteria; lymphocytes react against bacteria, toxins, Plasma cells from lymphocytes, synthesize Antibodies Mast cells Secrete heparin to inhibit clotting histamine dilate blood vessels Adipocytes dominate fibrous tissues |
| Collagenous fibers made of collagen - | protein that can absorb water Tough, strong, flexible, and stretch-resistant Called white fibers due to appearance in fresh tissue Less visible in the matrix of cartilage and bone |
| Collagenous fibers CT main function and location: | strong and resistant to stretch Tendons, ligaments, and deep layer of the skin are mostly collagen |
| Reticular fibers: | Thin collagen fibers coated with glycoprotein Form framework of spleen and lymph nodes; part of the basement membranes under epithelia |
| Reticular fibers CT main function and location: | function: framework for storing cells location: Spleen and lymph nodes |
| Elastic fibers (also known as elastin (protein)) | Thinner than collagenous fibers; made of protein elastin Allows stretch and recoil like a rubber band |
| Elastic fibers CT main function and location: | function: that it is stretchy location: Lungs, dermis |
| Ground substance: | featureless substance surrounding cells, usually gelatinous or rubbery Absorbs compressive forces; contains large molecules—GAGs, proteoglycans, glycoproteins |
| Loose connective tissue: | function: mostly ground substance in space surrounding cells location: Types areolar CT and reticular CT |
| Areolar connective tissue (loose): | Loosely organized fibers, abundant blood vessels Possesses all six cell types and fiber types Underlies epithelia, in serous membranes, between muscles, passageways for nerves and blood vessels |
| Areolar CT main function and location: | Function: allow for some stretch and bind structures together Location: under skin, around Neurovascular bundle |
| Reticular connective tissue (loose) | Mesh of reticular fibers and fibroblasts Forms supportive stroma (framework) for lymphatic organs |
| Reticular CT main function and location: | Function: holds cells within organs Location: Found in lymph nodes, spleen, thymus, and bone marrow |
| Adipose connective tissue (loose) | Empty-looking cells with thin margins, nucleus pressed against cell membrane Energy storage, insulation, cushioning, brown fat produces heat |
| Adipose (fatty) CT main function and location: | Function: fat storage (triglyceride) Location: hypodermis (layer of fat), surrounds the kidney |
| Dense connective tissue: | mostly fibers in space surrounding cells Types: dense regular and dense irregular |
| Dense regular connective tissue: | Densely packed, parallel collagen fibers Compressed fibroblast nuclei Elastic tissue forms wavy sheets in some locations Tendons attach muscles to bones and ligaments hold bones together |
| Dense regular CT main function and location: | Function: resists pulling, one-direction Location: tendons, ligaments |
| Tendons | : connects muscle to bone |
| Ligament: | connects bone to bone |
| Dense irregular connective tissue: | Densely packed, randomly arranged, collagen fibers and few visible cells Withstands unpredictable stresses Locations: deeper layer of skin; capsules around organs |
| Dense irregular CT main function and location | Function: resists pulling from many directions Location: dermis |
| Elastic connective tissue (diff from cartilage) | so that the heart can pump and snap back to its original position Some structure in the body with elastin - resistant of pulling forces Able to stretch and recoil |
| Elastic CT main function and location | Function: for the aorta to be stretchy - stretchiness Location: aorta - really big artery with really big walls, nearby the heart - elastic is used |
| Cartilage - | stiff connective tissue w flexible, rubbery matrix matrix is bouncy and gummy Gives the shape to the ear, tip of nose, and larynx No blood capillaries (avascular) Diffusion brings nutrients and removes wastes Heals slowly |
| types of cartilage vary with fiber composition: | hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic |
| chondroblast: | cartilage cells that produce the matrix |
| Chondrocytes: | cartilage cells that are trapped in lacunae (cavities) |
| Perichondrium - | sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds elastic and most hyaline cartilage (not articular cartilage) Contains a reserve population of chondroblasts that contribute to cartilage growth throughout life |
| Hyaline cartilage: | Clear, glassy appearance becuz of fineness of collagen fibers Provides shapes, make things bouncy, provide support Eases joint movement, holds airway open, moves vocal cords, growth of juvenile long bones - trachea, larynx, fetal skeleton |
| Hyaline cartilage CT main function and location: | Function: structure, joint movement Location: joints, trachea |
| Elastic cartilage: | Cartilage containing abundance of elastic fibers Covered with perichondrium Provides flexible, elastic support Locations: external ear and epiglottis |
| Elastic cartilage CT main function and location: | Function: bend & snap Location: ear and epiglottis (covers your feeding tube) |
| Fibrocartilage: | Cartilage containing large, coarse bundles of collagen fibers Resists compression and absorb shock Locations: public symphysis, minisci, and intervertebral discs |
| Fibrocartilage CT main function and location: | Function: resist compression Location: fibrocartilage discs of spine |
| Bone (matrix is hardened) | Cylinders that surround central (osteonic) canals that run longitudinally through shafts of long bones Blood vessels and nerves travel through central canal Bone matrix deposited in concentric lamellae |
| Bone CT main function and location: | Function: structure, provides protection for squishy organs Location: skeleton |
| Blood - Connective Tissue | fluid connective tissue that travels through tubular blood vessels - looks at the cells and matrix Transports cells and dissolved matter from place to place Contains formed elements suspended in a liquid ground substance called blood plasma |
| Formed elements include: | Erythrocytes (red blood cells, RBCs)—transport O2 and CO2 Leukocytes (white blood cells, WBCs)—defend against infection and disease Examples: neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes Platelets—cell fragments involved in clotting |
| Blood CT main function and location: | Transport (gases, nutrients, hormones) In the heart, in blood vessels |
| Blood smear: | Erythrocytes appear as pale pink discs with light centers Leukocytes are slightly larger and have variously shaped nuclei Platelets are small cell fragments with no nuclei |
| Excitability: | ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential Developed to highest degree in nervous and muscular tissues (excitable tissues) Excitation founded in charge difference (voltage) across membrane called the membrane potential |
| excitability In Nerve cells: | changes in voltage (increased excitability) (really fast cell communication) result in rapid transmission of signals to other cells |
| excitability In muscle cells, | changes in voltage (increased excitability) result in contraction, shortening of cell |
| Nervous tissue: | neuron: conducts signals Location: brain, spinal cord, nerves |
| Muscular tissue - | another excitable tissue: specialized to contract when stimulated, exerting a physical force on other tissues, organs, or fluids Important source of body heat Three types: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth |
| Glial cells: | support cells - supports the neuron, feed, clean, guide growth |
| Skeletal muscle: | Made of muscle fibers - long thin cells Most skeletal muscles attach to bone Contains multiple nuclei adjacent to plasma membrane Has striations/stripes Is voluntary |
| Voluntary: | conscious control over skeletal muscles |
| Striations | stripes due to orientation of proteins (protein overlapping with one another) - alternating dark and light bands |
| Skeletal muscle MT main function and location | Function: moves the body Location: connected to the skeleton |
| Cardiac muscle: | Spaces around nuclei, stripy short Limited to the heart wall Cardiomyocytes are short and branched with one centrally located nucleus Intercalated discs join cardiomyocytes end to end Striated and involuntary (not under conscious control) |
| Cardiac muscle MT main function and location | Function: heart pumping Locations: only in the heart |
| Smooth muscle | Looks like smeared fingerpaint - if not stripy it is smooth muscle Made of short, fusiform-shaped cells Cells have one central nuclei, no striations Involuntary function most is visceral muscle |
| Visceral muscle - | making up parts of walls of hollow organs |
| Smooth muscle MT main function and location | Function: involuntary movement - happens automatically Location: blood vessels, hollow organs, etc |
Created by:
Katepop10