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A&P Lecture 1
A&P Lecture 1 Week 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| There are | 50 trillion cells of 200 different cell types - |
| 4 broad categories of tissues: | Epithelial tissue Connective tissue Nervous tissue Muscular tissue |
| Organ: | structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types |
| Histology (microscopic anatomy): | the study of tissue and how they are arranged into organs |
| Tissue: | a group of similar cells and cell products working together to perform a specific role in an organ |
| The primary tissues differ by: | Types and functions of their cells Characteristics of the matrix (extracellular material) Relative amount of space occupied by cells and matrix |
| Cells + Matrix (protein & ground substance) = | tissue |
| Matrix (extracellular material) is composed of: | is where the cells are resting in something - Fibrous proteins - Clear gel called ground substance (tissue fluid, extracellular fluid (ECF), or interstitial fluid |
| The matrix Contains: | water, gases, minerals, nutrients, wastes, hormones |
| Embryonic tissues: | Human development begins with a fertilized egg, which divides and produces first tissue layers - has three primary germ layers, ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm |
| Three primary germ layers: | Ectoderm, endoderm, mesoderm |
| Ectoderm (outer): | Gives rise to epidermis and nervous system |
| Endoderm (inner): | Gives rise to mucous membrane lining digestive and respiratory tracts, digestive glands, among other things |
| Mesoderm (middle): | becomes gelatinous tissue called mesenchyme Wispy collagen fibers and fibroblasts in gel matrix Gives rise to cartilage, bone, blood |
| Mesenchyme cells are | why connective tissues are in the same category Are a stem cell that is the origin of all connective tissues |
| Tight junctions: | zipperlike, interlocking linkage between 2 adjacent cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins Prevent things from sliding/getting in between the cells lines digestive tract, intestines Encircles an epithelial cell w neighboring cells |
| Tight junctions location: | (stomach and intestines): prevent digestive juices from seeping between epithelial cells and digesting underlying connective tissue |
| Desmosome: | patch that holds cells together, like velcro resists mechanical stresses Dense areas connect 2 cells w fibers that anchor them within cell Hook-like J shaped proteins arise from cytoskeleton Common in epidermis/epithelia |
| Desmosome location: | (skin and heart) Found in cardiac muscle tissue |
| Gap junctions (communicating - inter-connected hotel room ): | channel between cells formed by ringlike connexon Join cells with “open doors” to speed up signaling Ions, nutrients and other small solutes pass between cells |
| Gap junction location: | (heart) in cardiac and smooth muscles, embryonic tissue, lens, and cornea |
| Connexon consists of | six transmembrane proteins arranged like segment of an orange around water-filled channel |
| Glands: | cell or organ that secretes substances for use elsewhere in the body or releases them for elimination from the body Usually composed of epithelial tissue in a connective tissue framework and capsule Are classified as exocrine or endocrine |
| Secretion: | product useful to the body |
| Excretion: | waste product |
| Exocrine glands: | maintain their contact with surface of epithelium by way of a duct - found in the skin Surfaces can be external (e.g. sweat, tear glands) or internal (e.g. pancreassaliary glands) |
| Endocrine glands: | have no ducts but do have many blood capillaries; secrete hormones directly into blood -found in the reproductive organs and brain |
| Hormones: | chemical messengers that stimulate cells elsewhere in the body Examples: thyroid, adrenal, and pituitary glands |
| Membranes may be only | epithelial, only connective or a mix of epithelial, connective, and muscular tissues |
| Cutaneous membrane; | on the outside surface, the skin; largest membrane in the body Stratified squamous epithelium (epidermis) resting on a layer of connective tissue (dermis) Relatively dry layer serves protective function |
| Mucous membrane (mucosa) | : lines passages that open to the external environment (ex digestive tract) |
| Sublayer of mucous membranes: | epithelium, (areolar tissue), (smooth muscle) Lines organ tracts to the outside world Absorptive, secretory, and protective functions; often have goblet cells |
| Serous membrane (serosa): | lines some internal body cavity or surrounds it Simple squamous et( mesothelium) resting on areolar tissue Produces serous fluid that arises from blood Covers organs, lines walls of body cavities Ex: pleurae, pericardium, and peritoneum |
| Damaged tissue can be repaired in two ways: | regeneration or fibrosis |
| Regeneration: ideal type: | replacement of dead or damaged cells by the same type of cell as before (functional cells) Loses no function Restores normal function Ex: repair of minor skin or liver injuries |
| Fibrosis: | replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue - dense collagen Scar holds organs together but does not restore function - has a loss of function Ex: repair of severe cuts and burns, scarring of lungs in tuberculosis |
| Atrophy: | shrinkage of a tissue through loss in cell size or number, due to aging (senile atrophy) or lack of use (disuse atrophy) |
| Necrosis: | pathological tissue death |
| Infarction: | sudden death of tissue when blood supply is cut off |
| Gangrene: | tissue necrosis due to insufficient blood supply (usually involves infection) |
| Dry gangrene: | common complication of diabetes |
| Decubitus ulcer (bed sore or pressure sore): | form of dry gangrene from continual pressure on skin |
| Wet gangrene | : liquefaction of internal organs with infection |
| Gas gangrene: | usually from infection of soil bacterium clostridium that results in hydrogen bubbles in tissues |
| Apoptosis (programmed cell death: | normal death of cells that have completed their function and best serve the body by dying and getting out of the way Phagocytized by macrophages and other cells Billions of cells die by apoptosis Every cell has a built-in suicide program |
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