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bio EXAM 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| glial cells | A- astrocytes: anchor neurons M- microglia: immune cells O- oligodendrocytes: ensheath axons in the brain S- schwann: ensheath axons in the body |
| membrane potential | 1. take out 3NA+ for every 2K+ that come in 2. chloride ion is left behind, 3 Cl- are left in the cell when 3NA+ leave 3. K+ leakage is always happening |
| nernst equation | E= 61*log(c outside/c inside) |
| Describe how membrane permeability changes occur and lead to potential changes in a neuron during an action potential. | draw out the picture for the 4 different phases |
| Explain the process and purpose of saltatory conduction. | action potential jump along the myelinated axons. the myelin sheaths allow for this to occur. the purpose is to continue on depolarization |
| Differentiate between a chemical and electrical synapse. | chem: release of nuerotransmitters into synaptic cleft ex: ACh elec: direct flow of ions via gap junctions ex: muscles |
| EPSP | excitatory postsynaptic potential: depolarization |
| IPSP | inhibitory postsynaptic potential: away from threshold like negatives; hyper polarizes. |
| graded potential | voltage change that is variable in amplitude, not all or none like action potentials, ex: synaptic potentials and receptor potentials |
| temporal summation | nerves stimulated rapidly and repeatedly |
| spatial summation | different nerves combine to stimulate |
| events in order that occur at a neuromuscular junction to stimulate a post synaptic potential | neuromuscular chart in notes |
| Explain the process of acetylcholine synthesis and breakdown at a synapse. | synthesized in cytoplasm of presynaptic terminal, taken up into synaptic vesicles,move to release sites where it docks to active zones. ACh releases and choline is taken back up. availability of choline is the limiting factor in rate of synthesis |
| Differentiate between the processes that occur at an ionotropic versus a metabotropic synapse. | ionotropic: directly alter permeability to ions metabotropic: signaling cascade of second messengers in postsynaptic cell |
| List the key steps that enable signal transduction at a G-protein coupled receptor | |
| List the components and describe the function of the structures that make up muscle cells. | |
| Describe how ATP and Calcium enable muscle contraction. | |
| Explain how excitation is coupled to contraction in skeletal muscle fibers. | |
| Explain the three roles that ATP plays in the contraction-relaxation cycle of vertebrate skeletal muscle | |
| Describe the three pathways that supply ATP for skeletal muscle contraction | |
| Contrast skeletal muscle with smooth and cardiac muscle functions |
Created by:
msilbe