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4U Biology
Chemistry of Life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Carbohydrates | macromolecule made up of glucose subunits joined by glycoside linkages |
| Protein | macromolecule made up of amino acid subunits linked by peptide bonds |
| Lipids | macromolecule made up of glycerol + fatty acid subunits, joined by dehydration synthesis rxns |
| Nucleic acids | macromolecule made up of nucleotide (phosphate + ribose sugar + nitrogenous base) subunits joined by phosphodiester bonds |
| Ionic bond | attraction between a positively charged metal ion and a negatively charged non-metal ion. |
| Covalent bond | formed when electrons are shared between two non-metal atoms. |
| London Dispersion Force | A type of IMF where electrons around one molecule momentarily repel the electrons of a nearby molecule. This creates brief temporary dipole. Weakest type of IMF. |
| Dipole-Dipole Force of Attraction | A type of IMF where dipoles (of opposite charges) on separate molecules are attracted to each other. The 2nd weakest type of IMF |
| Hydrogen bond | A type of IMF where a partially positive hydrogen dipole on one molecule is attracted to a partially negative dipole on a separate molecule. |
| Ion-Dipole Force of Attraction | A type of IMF where a fully charged ion is attracted to an oppositely charge dipole on a separate molecule. Strongest type of IMF |
| Hydrophobic | water-hating. Nonpolar molecules will be attracted to each other but repelled by polar molecules. |
| Intermolecular Forces of Attraction (IMFs) | cause separate molecules to be attracted to each other |
| Polar molecule | if it has polar bonds (where eletronegativity difference is btwn 0.41--1.7) AND if these polar bonds don't cancel each other out due to asymmetrical shape |
| "Like dissolves like" | means that polar and ionic compounds dissolve in polar solvents whereas non-‐polar compounds dissolve in non-‐polar solvents. |
| monosaccharides | glucose, galactose and fructose. The latter two are also C6H12O6 but have a different shape from glucose |
| polymer | many subunits linked together to make a long chain |
| disaccharides | maltose (gluc + gluc); lactose (gluc + gal); sucrose (gluc + fruc) |
| condensation rxn | type of biochemical reaction in which two molecules are joined together to form a larger molecule. It is also known as a dehydration synthesis since a molecule of water is removed. |
| hydrolysis rxn | type of biochemical reaction in which H2O is added at the bond point to break apart the molecule into its smaller components |
| Polysaccharides | Energy storage (eg. starch in plants, glycogen in animals) and Structure (eg. cellulose in plants, chitin in animals) |
| denaturation | the process where a protein loses its specific three-dimensional folded structure due to external stress, such as heat, chemicals, or changes in pH, |
| primary structure | the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain |
| entropy | the degree of randomness or disorder in a system. Systems will move toward increased disorder spontaneously. |
| activation energy | energy needed to initiate a chemical rxn. |
| catalyst | reduces activation energy in a rxn therefore the rxn goes faster. Can be re-used. |
| Substrate | the molecule an enzyme binds to because it recognises its particular shape |
| Active site | spot on an enzyme where the substrate fits, allowing the enzyme to react chemically with the substrate |
| induced fit | The change in shape of the active site to accommodate the substrate. This occurs because of intermolecular forces |
| competitive inhibitor | Competes with substrate for enzyme active site. Similar to the substrate, so it can enter the active site. They block the real substrate. |
| non-competitive inhibitor | Attaches to another site on the enzyme, changing its shape so that the substrate cannot enter active site. This inhibitor is not affected by substrate concentration. |
| allosteric regulation | This regulation controls enzyme activity by having activators or inhibitors binding to sites on the enzyme that are not active sites. |
Created by:
jcepella