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*NBMNT

for metabolic pathways spicifically cuz u dumb

QuestionAnswer
What enzyme phosphorylates glucose in the liver? Glucokinase.
What enzyme phosphorylates glucose in muscle? Hexokinase.
What is the rate-limiting enzyme of glycolysis? Phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1).
What are the two ATP-producing (substrate-level phosphorylation) steps in glycolysis? 1,3-BPG → 3-PG; PEP → Pyruvate.
What are the 4 possible fates of pyruvate? Acetyl-CoA, Lactate, Oxaloacetate, Alanine.
Which enzyme converts pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA? Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex (PDH).
What are the 5 cofactors of PDH? Thiamine (B1), Lipoic acid, CoA, FAD (B2), NAD⁺ (B3).
Where does the TCA cycle occur in the cell? Mitochondrial matrix.
Where is the electron transport chain located? Inner mitochondrial membrane.
What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC? Oxygen (O₂).
How many ATP are produced per NADH in the ETC? ~2.5 ATP.
How many ATP are produced per FADH₂ in the ETC? ~1.5 ATP.
Which shuttle system moves NADH into mitochondria in the heart and liver? Malate-aspartate shuttle.
Which shuttle system moves NADH into mitochondria in muscle? Glycerol-3-phosphate shuttle.
What enzyme breaks α-1,4 bonds in glycogen during glycogenolysis? Glycogen phosphorylase.
Which enzyme removes glycogen branches (α-1,6 bonds)? Debranching enzyme.
Which two amino acids are purely ketogenic? Leucine and Lysine.
Which amino acid is both glucogenic and ketogenic? Isoleucine (also phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan).
What transports long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for β-oxidation? Carnitine shuttle.
What triggers ketone body formation during fasting? Low oxaloacetate (used in gluconeogenesis), causing Acetyl-CoA to form ketones.
Created by: Sautem
 

 



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