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unit 2 vocab APES

QuestionAnswer
Adaptation A trait that improves an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce in its environment.
Allopatric speciation The formation of new species when populations are geographically isolated.
Artificial selection When humans selectively breed organisms for desired traits.
Bottleneck effect A sharp reduction in population size that decreases genetic diversity.
Climax community A stable, mature ecological community that has reached the final stage of succession.
Ecosystem service The benefits people obtain from ecosystems (ex: pollination, water purification).
Endemic species Species found only in one specific location or region.
Episodic disruption Natural events that occur irregularly and disrupt ecosystems (ex: volcanic eruption).
Fitness An organism’s ability to survive and reproduce successfully.
Founder effect Reduced genetic diversity when a small group separates and starts a new population.
Fundamental niche The full range of conditions under which a species could survive and reproduce.
Gene flow Movement of genes between populations through migration or reproduction.
Generalist- A species with a broad niche; can survive on many food sources and habitats.
Genetic drift Random changes in allele frequencies, more impactful in small populations.
Genetically modified organism An organism whose DNA has been altered by humans for desired traits.
Indicator species Species whose presence or absence reflects environmental conditions (ex: frogs).
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis Ecosystems have the highest diversity when disturbances are moderate.
Intrinsic value The value of nature simply because it exists, not for human use.
Invasive species Non-native species that spread rapidly and harm ecosystems.
Island biogeography The study of species richness on islands, affected by island size and distance from mainland.
Macroevolution Large-scale evolutionary changes that create new species.
Microevolution Small genetic changes within a population over time.
Mutation A change in DNA sequence that creates new genetic variation.
Natural capital The world’s natural resources and ecosystem services that provide benefits to humans.
Natural selection The process where traits that improve survival and reproduction become more common.
Periodic disruption Natural disturbances that occur at regular intervals (ex: seasonal flooding).
Pioneer species The first species to colonize a disturbed or new area.
Primary succession Succession that begins on bare rock with no soil (ex: after lava flow).
Provisions Products obtained from ecosystems (ex: food, water, timber).
Random disruption Unpredictable natural events that disturb ecosystems (ex: meteor strike).
Range of tolerance The range of environmental conditions (ex: temperature, pH) in which a species can survive.
Realized niche The actual conditions and resources a species uses in nature, limited by competition and interactions with other species.
Resilience The ability of an ecosystem to recover after a disturbance (bounce back to original state).
Resistance The ability of an ecosystem to remain unchanged when disturbed (withstand stress).
Secondary succession Ecological succession that occurs in areas where soil already exists, but the community has been disturbed (ex: after a fire or farming).
Specialist A species with a narrow niche, requiring very specific conditions or food sources.
Species evenness A measure of how evenly individuals are distributed among species in a community.
Species richness The total number of different species in a community.
Sympatric speciation New species evolving from a single population in the same geographic area (often through behavioral or reproductive isolation).
Variation Genetic differences among individuals in a population, which provide the raw material for natural selection.
Created by: kylee469
 

 



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