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Gov 2.1-2.3
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bicameral Legislature | A lawmaking body with two chambers. U.S. Congress (House + Senate). |
| Apportionment | Splitting up the 435 House seats between states based on population growing states gain seats, slower-growing/shrinking states lose seats. |
| Gerrymandering | Cheating with district lines to help one party win more seats. |
| Incumbency Effect | Current officeholders usually win again because people already know them, and they raise more money. Over 90% of House members get re-elected |
| Speaker of the House | the boss of the House of Representatives. They run the meetings, decide what bills get voted on, and lead their party in the House. |
| Filibuster | when a senator talks a long time to stop a vote. It’s like stalling so a bill doesn’t pass. Strom Thurmond spoke for 24 hours to block a Civil Rights bill |
| Cloture | a vote to stop a filibuster and move on to the final vote. Needs 60 Senators to agree. |
| Conference Committee | Group from both House & Senate that works out differences in a bill. |
| Legislative Oversight | Congress checking what the President/executive branch is doing. |
| Trustee Model | a representative makes decisions based on their own judgment, not just what the people want. |
| Delegate Model | a representative votes the way their voters want, even if they personally disagree. If most people in a district want stricter gun laws, the rep votes for them, even if they personally don’t agree. |
| Presentment Clause | Art 1 sec 7 the rule that any bill passed by Congress must be sent to the President, who can either sign it into law or veto it. |
| true or false The House of Representatives has the sole power to confirm presidential appointments. | False Explanation: The Senate confirms presidential appointments (Article II, Section 2). |
| true or false The Senate has the power to conduct impeachment trials | true After the House impeaches, the Senate holds the trial. |
| true or false The president can introduce legislation directly into Congress. | false Only Congress members can introduce bills. Presidents can suggest laws but cannot formally submit them (Article I, Section 7). |
| true or false Congress can override a presidential veto with a two-thirds vote in both chambers. | true If the president vetoes a bill, Congress can override with 2/3 votes in House & Senate (Article I, Section 7). |
| true or false The Speaker of the House is elected by the entire U.S. population. | false The Speaker is elected by House members, not the public. |
| true or false The president serves as commander-in-chief of the armed forces. | True Constitution gives the president control over the military (Article II, Section 2). |
| true or false All revenue bills must originate in the Senate. | false evenue bills originate in the House, not the Senate (Article I, Section 7) |
| true or false Congressional committees play a key role in shaping legislation. | true Committees review, modify, and recommend bills before votes |
| true or false Executive orders must be approved by Congress before taking effect. | false Executive orders do not require Congress approval; they come from presidential authority (Article II). |
| true or false The president can veto legislation passed by Congress. | true he president can reject bills passed by Congress. |
| Presentment Clause | Art 1 sec 7 the rule that any bill passed by Congress must be sent to the President, who can either sign it into law or veto it. |
| Presentment Clause How does it reflect lawmaking & separation of powers? | Congress passes bills; President approves/rejects → power shared |
| Presentment Clause How can Congress respond to a veto? | Revise bill to satisfy President OR override veto with 2/3 vote |
| Executive Order | A rule the president makes that acts like a law |
| Committee System | Groups in Congress that focus on specific topics or bills |
| House of Representatives | The part of Congress where states get seats based on population |
| Commander-in-Chief | The president is in charge of the military |
| Enumerated Powers | Powers the Constitution gives Congress directly |
| veto | When the president says “no” to a bill |
| speaker of the house | Leader of the House of Representatives |
| Impeachment | Officially accusing a government official of wrongdoing |
| senate | The part of Congress where each state has equal representation |
| BAKER v CARR (1962) Facts | Tennessee hadn’t redrawn district since 1901 - rule voters were over, represented while urban voters were underrepresented A city voter (Baker) Said his vote was less than a rural voter -he sued under the 14th amendment equal protection clause |
| BAKER v CARR (1962) Issue | Does unequal representation violate the 14th amendment equal protection clause, and can the court step in |
| BAKER v CARR (1962) holding | The court said missapportionment (Unequal districts) Could violate 14th amendment equal protection clause |
| BAKER v CARR (1962) reasoning | Vote dilution Is a violation of the 14th amendment equal protection clause |
| BAKER v CARR (1962) decision | 6-2 In favor of Baker(One justice didn’t participate) out of nine justices six agreed two did not agree |
| BAKER v CARR (1962) opinion | Courts can review districting under the 14th amendment Court had to step in to protect the rights of those voting |
| BAKER v CARR (1962 ap sig federalism | Federal courts can review state redistricting when it violates citizens’ rights. |
| BAKER v CARR (1962 ap sig checks and balances | The Supreme Court checked state legislatures by saying unfair maps can be challenged in court. |
| BAKER v CARR (1962 ap sig One person, one vote” | opened the door for One person, one vote” = principle that every vote counts equally |
| Why does the Constitution require a census every 10 years? | o count the population so seats in the House of Representatives can be fairly divided (apportioned) among the states. |
| How does Baker v. Carr relate to Congress’s role in redistricting? | said that federal courts can review redistricting cases because unfair district lines can violate the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment. |
| How does Baker v. Carr relate to Congress’s role in redistricting? impact | t made redistricting a constitutional issue, not just a political one. |
| Should Congress be allowed to pass laws that enforce fair districting? | Yes: Because Congress has the power to regulate elections (Article I, Section 4) and should protect equal representation for all citizens. |
| enumerated powers | Directly written in the Constitution (Article I, Section 8). 🏛️ Example: Collect taxes, regulate commerce, declare war. |
| implied powers | Not written, but necessary to carry out enumerated powers (from the Necessary and Proper Clause). (art 1 sec 8) |
| Analyze how congressional powers relate to representation and districting | Congress represents people through House districts (based on population) and Senate seats (2 per state). Districts must be roughly equal in population (“one person, one vote”) |
| Apply the precedent from Baker v. Carr (1962) to evaluate congressional authority over redistricting. | Established the idea that unequal districts can violate equal protection. Reinforces Congress’s responsibility to ensure fair representation. |
| Which article of the Constitution requires the census? | Art 1 sec 2 |
| Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause) | Congress can make laws needed to carry out its powers (Article I, Section 8). |
Created by:
sophia souza