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phil
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the two reasons that Socrates will not stop doing philosophy? (Apology 38a) | 1) He must obey the god rather than men. 2) A life without philosophical examination is not worth living. |
| Why is virtue probably not teachable? (Meno) | Because there are no recognized teachers of virtue, and virtue seems to come by divine gift rather than instruction. |
| According to Aristotle, what is nature? (Physics II.1) | Nature is an internal principle of motion and rest in things that exist by nature. |
| According to Aristotle, what is the soul? (De Anima II.1) | The soul is the form of a living body—the first actuality of a natural body that has life. |
| What are the four kinds of causes Aristotle describes? (Physics II.3) | 1) Material cause (what something is made of) 2) Formal cause (the shape/essence) 3) Efficient cause (the source of change) 4) Final cause (the purpose or end). |
| What are the three senses of substance? (De Anima II.1) | 1) Matter (potentiality), 2) Form (actuality), 3) The compound of both. |
| Present one of Socrates’s arguments for the immortality of the soul. (Phaedo) | The Cyclical Argument: All things come to be from their opposites—life comes from death, so the soul must survive death to allow rebirth. |
| What is the Socratic method of teaching? (Meno, Phaedo) | A method of questioning that exposes contradictions, guides the student to self-discovery, and draws out knowledge already within the soul (recollection). |
| According to Diotima, what is love and its goal? (Symposium) | Love is a desire for the eternal possession of the good; its goal is immortality, achieved through physical procreation or through creating lasting works of virtue, wisdom, and beauty. |
| Does Diotima’s account of love support married life or celibate life? (Symposium) | It leans toward a philosophical/celibate life, since the highest form of love is contemplation of the eternal Form of Beauty. |
| What is Socrates’s view of the body-soul relationship? (Phaedo) | The soul is imprisoned in the body; the body distracts with desires, while the soul seeks truth. Philosophy frees the soul from bodily concerns. |
| Why is no one wiser than Socrates? (Apology 21a–23b) | Socrates knows he does not know, unlike others who think they know but do not. His wisdom is awareness of his own ignorance. |
| How does Aristotle approach the immortality of the soul? (De Anima I.4, II.1-3, III.4) | He sees the soul as the form of the body, but argues that the intellect (nous) is unique and may be separable, raising the possibility of survival after death. |
| According to Socrates, what does the philosopher care about most and least? (Apology, Phaedo) | Most: the soul and truth. Least: wealth, honor, or bodily pleasures. |
| How is philosophy preparation for death? (Phaedo) | Philosophy detaches the soul from bodily desires, preparing it for separation from the body at death. |
| Why can no one hurt the philosopher? (Apology) | Because true harm is damage to the soul, and others cannot corrupt a virtuous soul. |
| What is the mission of the philosopher? (Apology) | to awaken others, examine life, and care for the soul by seeking truth and virtue. |
| Was Socrates’s way of practicing philosophy subversive to Athens? | Many Athenians saw it as subversive because he challenged authority and traditions, but Socrates saw it as service to the city and the god. |
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