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Insect Lab 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Taxonomy: | the science of classifying living things |
| Phylogenetics: | the study of evolutionary relationships between species and the history of organisms as they change over time |
| Monophyletic Group: | contains a last common ancestor and all of its descents (the smallest portion) |
| Paraphyletic Group: | contains a last common ancestor but not all of its descendants (adjacent to each other) |
| Polyphyletic Group: | is a group of organisms that do not share a recent common ancestor (not connected directly) |
| Insects Belong to Which Domain? | Eukaryote |
| Insects Belong to Which Kingdom? | Animalia |
| Insects Belong to Which Phylum? | Arthropoda. Defined by an exoskeleton, segmented body parts, and jointed appendages |
| Subphylum of Arthropoda: | hexapods, meaning “six feet.” Includes all insects and Entognathous hexapods. Defined by three tagma (head, thorax, abdomen), and three pairs of thoracic legs. |
| Insects Belong to Which Class? | Insecta, defined by having external mouthparts. |
| Insects Belong to Which Order? | Insects have many, many orders. |
| Entognathous Hexapods: | protura, collembola, diplura |
| Apterygota: | archaeognatha, zygentoma |
| Entognathous Hexapods | in this class, they are called entognatha not insecta. They are close relatives to insects but not considered insects. Includes the three orders called protura, collembola, and diplura. |
| Ametabolous Entognathous Hexapods: | all entognathous hexapods are ametabolous, meaning they have “no metamorphosis.” Their immature stages look similar to adults, they’re evolutionarily primitive orders. |
| Miscellaneous Entognathous Characteristics: | They have never developed wings. Have internal mouthparts (mouthparts are retracted inside the head capsule). Lack wax layer in cuticle. All Entognathous hexapods can be collected using a Berlese funnel. Their name means “sunken mouth / six legs.” |
| Berlese Funnels | Samples are placed into a large funnel that empties into a collecting pot with ethanol. A light source added to the top of the funnel, insects don’t like the light/heat, crawl away, and fall into the pot with ethanol. |
| Protura “First Tail”: | common name is cone heads. Characterized by no eyes, no antennae, no pigmentation, no wings, no cerci/terminal filament, cone-shaped head. They use their forelegs as antennas, very small — under 2 mm. |
| Collembola “Glue Peg”: | common name is springtails, characterized by a collophore and furcula, often have small eyes or eyeless. Often much less than 6 mm. |
| Collophore (Collembola): | a peg-like structure on the first abdominal segment that helps with water regulation. |
| Furcula (Collembola): | a tail-like appendage used for jumping |
| Diplura: | common name is two pronged bristletails. Characterized by well developed cerci (tails), long moniliform (bead-like antennae), no pigmentation, no eyes. Their size is 7-10 mm. |
| What Types of Cerci Do Diplura Have? | They have two general types, pincer-like and long & filamentous. |
| Only Entognatha Characteristics: | all are ametabolous, internal mouthparts, they lack a wax layer in the cuticle, all primitively wingless. |
| Only Insecta Characteristics: | external mouthparts, some ametabolous, some primitively wingless |
| Characteristics Present in Both: | three tagma (head, thorax, abdomen), segmented body, three pairs of legs, exoskeleton |
| Apterygota/Ametabola: | no wings, no metamorphosis, includes two living orders archeognatha, zygentoma |
| Archeognatha: | common name is jumping bristletails, apterygota “no wings” and ametabolous “no metamorphosis.” |
| What Are Archeognatha’s Structural Characteristics: | humped thorax “hunchback,” monocondylic mandible (one joint of articulation), two large eyes that meet medially (in the middle), three terminal filaments of unequal length, long maxillary palps. They jump! |
| Zygentoma: | yoke insect, common name is silverfish and firebrats, apterygota and ametabolous, characterized by small eyes on sides of head, dorsoventrally flattened (like a pancake), three terminal filaments of equal length |
| Comparisons Between Zygentoma & Archaeognatha: | the former is flatter, the latter has an arched back, the former has eyes on the side of its head, the latter has large eyes on the central portion of its head. |
| First Slide Answer Key: | diplura, archaeognatha, and collembola |
| Second Slide Answer Key: | protura, zygentoma |
| Third Slide Answer Key: | collembola, diplura |
| List two characteristics that are true for all arthropoda: | jointed appendages and a hard exoskeleton. |
| List two characteristics that are true for all hexapoda: | six legs and three-part segmented body. |
| What does it mean if an order is ametabolous? List at least three orders that are ametabolous. | It means it does not have a metamorphosis, the juvenile looks like the adult. All five of the orders on this quiz are ametabolous. |
| Describe how you would distinguish the order Archaeognatha from Zygentoma? | Eye position and back position. |
| What is a Berlese funnel (how does it work and who does it catch)? | Samples are placed into a large funnel that empties into a collecting pot with ethanol. A light source added to the top of the funnel. They catch Endognathous Hexapods because they don’t like light and they lack a wax layer in their cuticle. |
| What does ‘apterygota mean’? List the two orders that are considered ‘apterygota?’ | Primitive, completely wingless insects that never developed wings during their evolutionary history. All of the orders here pertain to this. |
Created by:
smurtab