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enlightenment
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What was the Enlightenment? | An intellectual movement that emphasized reason, individual thought, and the power of people to solve problems, challenging monarchies and the church. |
| What did the Enlightenment promote? | Logic, scientific inquiry, human rights, education, progress, and rational debate. |
| What was the Ancien Regime? | The Old Regime before the French Revolution, dominated by absolute monarchs and the Catholic Church. |
| What were the three estates of the Ancien Regime? | 97% peasants, 2% nobles, 1% clergy. |
| Why was the Ancien Regime unfair? | The majority had little political power and few rights, while nobles and clergy had privileges. |
| Where do democracies and republics get their power? | From the consent of the governed (popular sovereignty). |
| What is popular sovereignty? | The idea that government power comes from the people, usually through voting and civic participation. |
| What did Thomas Hobbes believe about people? | People are naturally selfish and wicked. |
| What was Hobbes' social contract theory? | People give up their rights to a strong ruler in exchange for law and order. |
| What government did Hobbes support? | A strong, centralized authority—often an absolute monarchy. |
| What did the Enlightenment challenge? | Unequal rights, divine right of kings, and merging of church and state. |
| What did the Enlightenment promote instead? | Reason, education, individual importance, natural rights, and liberty. |
| How did the Scientific Revolution influence the Enlightenment? | It encouraged critical thinking, use of the scientific method, and questioning authority. |
| What were the philosophes? | Enlightenment thinkers who promoted reason, tolerance, and individual rights. |
| What ideas did the philosophes spread? | Freedom of speech, religious tolerance, civil liberties. |
| What were John Locke’s main ideas? | People are naturally good, have natural rights (life, liberty, happiness), and government must protect these rights. |
| What did Locke believe should happen if government failed? | People have the right to overthrow it. |
| What were Montesquieu’s ideas? | Separation of powers into legislative, executive, and judicial branches to prevent tyranny. |
| What did Montesquieu inspire? | Checks and balances in governments like Britain and the U.S. |
| What were Rousseau’s ideas about people? | Civilization corrupts natural goodness; all people are equal and free. |
| What was Rousseau’s idea of government? | Government should be based on a social contract and direct participation of citizens. |
| What did Cesare Beccaria believe about laws? | Laws should preserve social order, not serve rulers. |
| What did Beccaria oppose? | Torture, arbitrary punishment, and unfair trials. |
| What reforms did Beccaria call for? | Speedy trials and fair justice. |
| What did Mary Wollstonecraft argue for? | Women’s rights, equal education, and equal opportunities. |
| What did Wollstonecraft believe about women? | They are capable of being as virtuous and useful as men if educated equally. |
| What did Voltaire promote? | Tolerance, freedom of speech, and religious liberty. |
| How did the Enlightenment influence modern society? | It inspired revolutions, democracy, constitutional law, human rights, and justice reforms. |
Created by:
markoii