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Micro
Microbial Genetics & Engineering
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| (Genetics of animal viruses) Viruses consist of ? | One or more Pieces of DNA and RNA enclosed in a protective coating. access to the host's genetics Genetically changing the cells they infect compact and economical |
| (bacterial genetics) Operons? | Found only in bacteria & archaea coordinated set of genes regulated as a single unit |
| (bacterial genetics) Control locus #1 PROMOTER? | Recognized by RNA polymerase |
| (bacterial genetics) Control locus #2 OPERATOR? | Acts as an on/off switch for transcription |
| (bacterial genetics) Regulator? | gene that codes for repressor a protein capable of repressing the operon |
| (bacterial genetics) Structural locus? | Genes to code for needed proteins |
| (Operons) Inducible operons? | encoding enzymes that act in CATABOLISM Operon is turned on |
| (Operons) Repressible operons? | encoding enzymes that act in ANABOLISM several genes in a series are TURNED OFF |
| Recombination? | Event in which ONE BACTERIUM donates DNA to another bacterium. plasmids: DNA adept at moving between cells Recombinant: any organism that contains & expresses genes that originated in another organism (new DNA) |
| Horizontal gene transfer? | Any transfer of DNA resulting in organisms ( to another) |
| Horizontal gene transfer 3 of them? | conjugation transformation transduction |
| (Horizontal gene transfer) Conjugation Bacterial sex? | Genetic exchange in which plasmids or other genetic both gram+ & Gram- cells |
| (Horizontal gene transfer) Transformation? | acceptance by a bacterial cell of SMALL FRAGMENTS OF SOLUBLE DNA from the environment Competent: capable of accepting genetic material |
| (Horizontal gene transfer) Transduction? | bacteriophage serves as carrier of DNA from donor cell to recipient cell occurs in a broad spectrum of bacteria |
| (Horizontal gene transfer) Resistance R plasmids factor? | Carry genes for resisting antibiotics or other drugs commonly shared among bacteria through conjugation Can confer R: resistance to heavy metals or for synthesizing virulence factors |
| Level of structure and function of the genome? (4) | Genes Classical genetics molecular & Biochemical genetics Preferred definition |
| (Level of structure and function of the genome) Genes? | Basic information packets |
| (Level of structure and function of the genome) Classical genetics? | A functional unit of heredity |
| (Level of structure and function of the genome) Molecular & biochemical genetics ? | site on the chromosome that provides information for a certain cell function |
| (Level of structure and function of the genome) Preferred Definition? | A segment of DNA that contains the necessary code to make a PROTEIN or an RNA |
| Genotype? | The sum of all types of genes constituting an organisms distinctive genetic makeup |
| Phenotype? | The expression of the genotype that creates certain structures or functions (what it looks like) |
| (structure of DNA) Nucleotide? | Phosphate Deoxyribose sugar Nitrogenous Base |
| (structure of DNA) Nitrogenous bases? | purines and pyrimidines |
| Adenine (A) always pairs with? | Thymine (T) |
| Guanine (G) always pairs with? | Cytosine (C) |
| Transcription ? | DNA is used to synthesize RNA |
| Translation? | RNA used to produce proteins |
| The message in messenger RNA? | translation mRNA nucleotides are read in CODONS or group of three Codons determine amino acids added to the growing chains This code is universal for bacteria, archaea, eukaryotes (fungi), viruses |
| Redundancy? | Certain amino acids are REPRESENTED by MULTIPLE CODONS Allows for the insertion of correct amino acids even when mistakes occur in DNA sequence |
| Wobble? | ONLY FIRST TWO nucleotides are REQUIRED to encode correct AMINO ACIDS the 3rd doesnt change Permits some variation or MUTATION without altering the message |
| Mutation? | Any change to the nucleotide sequence in the genome The driving force of evolution (change with population) In microorganism mutations become evident in altered gene expression, development of resistance to a drug |
| Wild Type? | Microorganism exhibits natural NONMUTATED characteristics The trait present in the HIGHEST NUMBERS in a population |
| Mutant strain? | (lower % of population) An organism that BEARS a MUTATION |
| (causes of mutations) Spontaneous mutation? | a RANDOM change in the DNA arising from ERRORS in replication |
| (causes of mutations) Induced mutation? | Results from exposure to KNOWN MUTAGENS |
| (causes of mutations) Point mutation? | Small mutations that AFFECT only a SINGLE BASE on a gene involved addition, deletion, or substitution of single bases |
| (Categories of mutations) Lethal mutation? | Mutations that lead to cell dysfunction or death |
| (Categories of mutations) Neutral mutation? | produce neither averse nor helpful changes |
| (Categories of mutations) Missense mutation? | Any change in the code that leads to placement of a DIFFERNT AMINO ACIDS |
| (Categories of mutations) Nonsense mutation? | changes a normal codon into a stop codon that does not code for an amino acid |
| (Categories of mutations) Silent mutation? | Alters a base but does not change amino acid and has no effect REDUNDACY of the code assures that certain amino acids will not be altered by a change in the third base of the codon |
| (repair of mutations) Photoactivation? | Repair of damage caused by ultraviolet radiation |
| (repair of mutations) Excision repair? | Mutations are Excised (cut) by a series of REPAIR ENZYMES that remove the incorrect bases and add the correct ones |
| (repair of mutations) Mismatch repair? | A repair system can locate mismatched bases that were missed during proofreading |
| (Positive and negative effects of mutations) Mutations are ? | Permanant and heritable. many mutations are not repaired |
| The Ames test? (Cancer Gene) | Commonly used to rapidly detect chemicals with CARCINOGENIC Uses bacteria rather than experimental animals Allows easy observation, gene expression, mutation rate Any chemical capable of mutating bacterial DNA potentially hazardous. |
| (Analysis of DNA) Gel Electrophoresis? | Produces readable patterns of DNA fragments Positions of DNA Fragments determined by staining the DNA fragments in the gel Distinctive characterizing Comparison |
| (Analysis of DNA) Gene probes? | Diagnosing the cause of an infection from a patient's specimen Identifying culture of an unknown bacteria or virus |
| (PCR) Polymerase chain reaction? | Rapidly increasing the amount of DNA in a sample Can replicate a target DNA from a new cop to billions of copies within a few hours Can detect cancer from a single cell Can diagnose an infection from a single gene copy |
| (PCR) PCR? | Uses the same events of DNA replication Opening of the double Helix Using the exposed trans as templates Addition of primers Action of DNA polymerase |
| PCR primers? | Synthetic nucleotides sequence of 15 to 30 bases that indicate where amplification should begin |
| PCR DNA Polymerase? | High temperatures necessitate use of DNA polymerases isolated from THERMOPHILIC BACTERIA |
| PCR technique? | Thermal cycler automatically performs cyclic temperature changes |
| Three basic steps in PCR? | Denaturation Annealing Extension |
| Denaturation? | Separates strands of DNA AKA unzip |
| Annealing? (priming) | Slow cooling allows primers to stick |
| Extension? | Add DNA polymerase and nucleotides |
| PCR plays an essential role in? (IDC GTFDT) | Gene mapping The study of genetic defects and cancer Forensics Infectious disease Taxonomy Determining paternity Comparing ancient DNA with modern organisms Determining presence of microbes in human or environmental samples |
| Recombinant DNA technology? | Deliberately removing genetic material from 1 Organism to combine it with that of a different Organism |
| Cloning? | Removal of selected gene AKA animal plant or microorganism (Genetic donor) Propagation of gene in different host Organism Being inserted into vector that will be inserted into cloning host (Usually bacterium or yeast) |
| (Cloning vectors) Plasmids? | Small well characterized easy to manipulate Can be transferred into appropriate host cells through TRANSFORMATION Plasmids that carry genetic markers for resistance to antibiotics |
| (Cloning vectors) Bacteriophage? | Have the natural ability to inject DNA into bacterial hosts through TRANSDUCTION |
| Bioremediation using recombinant microbes? | Several types of bacteria have been created that clean up oil spills and degrade pesticides and toxic substances |
| Other uses of recombinant microbes? | Production of biofuels Production of new drugs with novel properties Production of industrial chemicals in a more environmentally friendly manner |
| Animal models have been designed to study human genetic diseases These natural systems are then used to test new genetic therapies manufacture human proteins and excrete from milk or semen what is this process known as? | Pharming |
| Gene therapy? | Repair or correct of a faulty gene in humans suffering from a fatal or debilitating disease Benefit is permanent cure |
| Germline gene therapy? | genes are inserted into an egg sperm or early embryo The new gene is present in all cells of the individual Therapeutic gene is heritable |
| Analysis of DNA can? | Give more accurate mechanism of different gene among organisms Can identify an Organism no longer present Can identify a person at increased risk for cancer or Alzheimer's disease before symptoms arise |
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hw0993422