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Stack #4531474
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| First step in translation | mRNA exits the nucleus and attaches to a ribosome |
| Second step in translation | Ribosome reads the message in sets of 3 bases (codons) |
| third step in translation | Transfer RNA molecules bring in AMINO ACIDS that will be linked together to build a protein |
| ENZYMES | Speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | an extensive network of membrane-enclosed tubules and sacs within the cytoplasm |
| Golgi Apparatus | a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport |
| Vesicles | a small, membrane-bound sac within a cell that transports, stores, or digests cellular substances like proteins and lipids |
| First step in finalizing a Protein | Folded into a functional shape as it travels the Endoplasmic Reticulum |
| Second step in finalizing a Protein | Complete proteins will be processed by the Golgi Apparatus: sorted, tagged for their destination, and packaged into vesicles |
| Primary | straight chain of amino acids |
| Secondary | chain of amino acids folds into helix or pleated sheets |
| Tertiary | secondary structure begins to fold in on itself; protein takes on a globular shape, this is where most proteins become functional |
| Quaternary | 2 or more amino acid chains working together as a functional protein |
| DENATURING | Extreme conditions (heat, pH, salinity) can change the functional shape of protein |
| Central Dogma | DNA instructions > mRNA instructions > final protein |
| Point mutation | a genetic mutation that changes a single nucleotide base within a DNA or RNA sequence, which can be a substitution, insertion, or deletion |
| Frameshift Mutations | a type of genetic mutation where a DNA insertion or deletion that is not a multiple of three nucleotides disrupts the standard "reading frame" during protein synthesis |
| Missense point mutation | base change leads to an amino acid change |
| Nonsensepoint mutation | base change leads to a stop codon |
| Silentpoint mutation | change in amino acid does not cause an amino acid change |
| Deletion frameshift mutation | the removal of one or more nucleotides from a DNA sequence that isn't a multiple of three, disrupting the triplet reading frame during translation. |
| Addition frameshift mutation | a genetic alteration where one or more nucleotides are inserted into a DNA sequence in a number that is not a multiple of three. |
| Translocation | a portion of one chromosome is relocated to an entirely different chromosome |
| Inversion | a section of a chromosome reverses the order of genetic information |
Created by:
user-1879135