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Stack #4531453
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the purpose of sensory systems? | To establish internal representation of the external world in order to interact with it successfully. |
| What is the difference between sensation and perception? | SENSATION s a process where our sensory receptors and nervous system receive & represent stimulus energies from our environment, PERCEPTION is a process by which our brain organizes and interprets sensory information, enabling us to recognize objects |
| Cornea: | Outer protective layer of the eye |
| Pupil: | Small, Adjustable opening |
| Iris: | A colored muscle surrounding the pupil which changes shape to control the amount of light that gets through |
| Lens: | Bulges or flattens to focus the incoming light rays |
| What is the retina and what are its three main layers? | The eyes inner surface containing photoreceptors. The three layers are photoreceptors, bipolar cells, and ganglion cells. |
| Fovea: | Focus point of the retina |
| Blindspot: | Area of the retina with no photoreceptors, containing the optic nerve |
| Photoreceptors: | Specialized neural cells that respond directly to the incoming light |
| Ganglion Cells: | Axons that create the optic nerve |
| What are the two types of Photoreceptors: | Rods and Cones |
| Rods: | Sensitive to low levels of light but bad at seeing details and colors, mostly in the periphery |
| Cones: | Need bright light but good at seeing details and color, mostly in the fovea. EX: Colorblindness means that fewer cones types are available |
| How are the fovea and the blindspot opposites? | The FOVEA is the focus point of the retina while the BLINDSPOT is the area of the retina with no photoreceptors, containing the optic nerve |
| Bottom-up Procession: | Processes that are directly shaped by the stimulus, begins with the sensory receptors and works up to the brain. Construct perceptions based on the stimulus. |
| Top-down/goal-directed processing: | Processes shaped by knowledge, begins with the brain and works down to the stimulus. Construct perceptions based on our experience and expectations |
| What is parallel processing? What are the advantages of it? What is the binding problem? | The brains ability to do many things simultaneously. The advantages of this process is speed and efficiency, and mutual influence among multiple systems. |
| What system: | (Ventral/Bottom pathway) Pathway connecting the occipital lobe and inferotemporal cortex. This system identifies objects. |
| Where System: | (Dorsal/top pathway) Pathway connecting the occipital lobe and posterior parietal cortex. |
| Difference between What and Where system: | The what system damage leads to visual agnosia; inability to name objects, but can reach for them while the where system damage leads to difficulties reaching for objects but can name them. |
| Context Effects: | A given stimulus may trigger different perceptions because of the immediate context |
| How can a context influence our perception? | Objects tend to co-vary with other objects in the real-world, which can make them easier to find in a consistent context than an inconsistent context |
| What does it mean for perception of stimuli to go “beyond the information given”? | This is called reversible/ambiguous figures where one set of visual features can result in multiple interpretations, but only one interpretation is visible at a time |
| Gestalt Principles: Figure/ground organization: | We judge what is the figure and what is the ground. Figure: Smaller, enclosed, familiar Ground: Larger, open, darker, less familiar |
| Perceptual Constancy: | We perceive constant object properties (sizes, shapes, etc) even through sensory information about these attributes changes when viewing circumstances change. EX: A dog up close or far away is the same size, even though the viewing circumstance changed |
| Unconscious Inference: | The assumption we make about the current visual input based on our knowledge of the world. EX: The dog is the same size because we into account how far away it is and adjust our perception |
| Why does attention need to be selective? | There is a lot of information in the world vying for our attention, but we can only process so much of it at a time. |
| What are the key characteristics of attention that are captured in James’ definition of attention? | Attention is an active, selective process that causes relative enhancement. |
| What is the cocktail party effect? | What is the cocktail party effect? When you hear personally relevant information in the unattended channel |
| What are the two things that theories of attention must explain? | How we inhibit distractors and How we promote the processing of desired stimuli |
| What is the early selection hypothesis of attention? Where is the limit? What is the evidence for this?l | The only attended channel analyzed and perceived, unattended information is never perceived or analyzed. The limit is filter is early in processing, participants don't see or hear stimuli. |
| What is the late selection hypothesis of attention? Where is the limit? What is the evidence for this? | It is where all channels are analyzed and perceived, unattended information is perceived but then forgotten. Limit on memory: filter is late in processing. Participants do see and hear stimuli, but they immediately forget. |
| What is the evidence for early selection hypothesis of attention? | It is a dichotic listening task. Participants attend to the channel in the right ear while ignoring the channel in the left ear. Then they shadow the targets (the dots). The brain is then measured using an EEG. |
| What is the evidence for Late Selection? | The task is the state which line is longer. At the same time, dots are randomly scattered throughout the screen, and sometimes they randomly make arrows. |
| Describe Donald Broadbent’s Early Filter Theory. Does it support the evidence from dichotic listening tasks and the cocktail party effect? | Description: Filter comes before recognition of meaning, so only the attended channel is processed to meaning and the unattached channel is fully dropped..This theory explains the dichotic listening task and cocktail party. |
| Describe Anne Treisman’s Attenuation Theory. Does it support the evidence from dichotic listening tasks and the cocktail party effect? | Description: The attended channel is processed to meaning, and the unattended channel is attenuated rather than dropped entirely. This theory explains both the dichotic listening task and cocktail party effect. |
Created by:
lindsay.anderson