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Test Study Gov
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Politics | • The process of deciding who gets what, when, and how. • It’s about making collective decisions, distributing resources, and resolving conflicts in society. |
| Direct vs. Indirect Democracy | • Direct democracy → Citizens vote directly on laws and policies • Indirect democracy (representative democracy, republic) → Citizens elect officials who make decisions on their behalf (like Congress). |
| American Political Culture Values | • Natural rights → • Equality → • Political participation → • Majority rule with minority rights |
| Political Ideologies | • Conservatism → • Liberalism → • Libertarianism → • Populism → |
| Events leading to the Constitutional Convention (1787) | • Colonists felt Britain violated their rights → Revolution → Articles of Confederation created (weak system). • Problems under Articles → delegates met to fix it, ended up writing new Constitution. |
| Common Sense (1776, Thomas Paine) | • Pamphlet that encouraged independence from Britain. • Said monarchy was corrupt and people should rule themselves. |
| Declaration of Independence (1776, Jefferson) | • Declared independence. • Based on natural rights (life, liberty, pursuit of happiness). • Governments exist to protect rights; if they don’t, people can change/abolish them. |
| Problems with Articles of Confederation | • Weak national government. • No power to tax, no executive branch, no national court, couldn’t regulate trade, needed unanimous vote to amend. |
| Shays’ Rebellion (1786-87) | • Farmers in debt rebelled in Massachusetts. • Showed weakness of Articles (no strong army to stop uprisings). • Pushed elites to call for stronger central gov → Constitution. |
| The Great Compromise (Connecticut Compromise) | • Solved big vs. small state issue. • House of Representatives (based on population) + Senate (2 per state). How they choice representatives |
| Three-Fifths Compromise | • Slaves counted as 3/5 of a person for representation and taxation. • Boosted Southern states’ power in Congress. |
| Four Principles of the Constitution | 1. Separation of powers → Executive, Legislative, Judicial. 2. Checks and balances → Each branch can limit the others. 3. Federalism → Power shared between national and state gov. Limited government → Government |
| Privileges and Immunities Clause (Article IV) | • States must treat people from other states equally (no discriminating against out-of-staters). |
| Full Faith and Credit Clause (Article IV) | • Proposed by 2/3 of Congress or states; ratified by 3/4 of states. • Makes Constitution flexible but hard to change. |
| Supremacy Clause (Article VI) | • Constitution and federal laws are the supreme law of the land. • Federal law > state law if conflict. |
| Battle for Ratification | • Federalists → supported Constitution, wanted strong central gov. • Anti-Federalists → opposed, wanted stronger states + demanded Bill of Rights. • Constitution ratified in 1788 after promise of Bill of Rights. |
| Forms of Government | • Unitary → Central government has all power (like UK, France). • Confederacy → States hold power, weak central gov (like Articles of Confederation). • Federal system → Power shared between national and state governments (U.S.). |
| National Powers (Enumerated Powers) | • Powers given to federal gov: tax, coin money, regulate trade, declare war, maintain army/navy. |
| Tenth Amendment | • Powers not given to federal gov are reserved for states or people. |
| Concurrent Powers | • Shared by both federal and state gov (taxing, making laws, courts, borrowing money). |
| McCulloch v. Maryland (1819) | • Maryland tried to tax a national bank. Supreme Court said: ○ States can’t tax federal gov (“power to tax is power to destroy”). ○ Established implied powers under Necessary and Proper Clause. |
| Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause) | • Congress can make laws needed to carry out its listed powers. • Example: creating a national bank even though not in Constitution. |
| Federalism and Civil Rights | • Federal gov often had to step in when states discriminated (ex: segregation, voting rights). • Civil Rights Movement showed federal power overriding state laws that violated rights. |
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