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Microbio exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What processes are microorganisms involved in? | Decomposition, photosynthesis, fermentation, sewage treatment, bioremediation, nutrient cycling, biotechnology, pest control. |
| What are some examples of microbes? | Bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, viruses, helminths. |
| What is the term for a disease-causing microorganism? | Pathogen. |
| What are some commercial benefits of microorganisms? | Ethanol, acetone, insulin, fermented foods, cellulose, vitamins; sewage treatment; pest control; recombinant DNA products. |
| Who was Robert Koch? | Linked microbes to disease, discovered anthrax bacterium, developed Koch’s postulates. |
| Who was Carolus Linnaeus? | Created binomial nomenclature. |
| In binomial nomenclature, how is the Genus written? | Genus capitalized, first name italicized or underlined. |
| In binomial nomenclature, how is the species written? | Species lowercase, second name italicized or underlined. |
| What are features of prokaryotic cells? | Circular DNA, no nucleus, no organelles, peptidoglycan cell walls, divide by binary fission. |
| What are features of eukaryotic cells? | Linear DNA inside nucleus, organelles present, polysaccharide cell walls (sometimes), divide by mitosis. |
| How are viruses different from other microbes? | They are acellular, with DNA or RNA core, and replicate only in host cells. |
| What microbial structures are used for motility? | Flagella, axial filaments (endoflagella), pili, cilia. |
| Why are viruses not considered living organisms? | They are acellular and metabolically inactive outside a host. |
| What is the causative agent of AIDS? | HIV. |
| What are the three domains? | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya. |
| What is the basis for classification into domains? | rRNA nucleotide sequence similarity. |
| Who was Anton van Leeuwenhoek? | First to observe microbes, called them “animalcules.” |
| What is biogenesis? | Cells arise from preexisting cells. |
| What is spontaneous generation? | The idea that life arises from nonliving matter. |
| What did Louis Pasteur’s S-shaped flask experiment show? | Microbes come from air, not spontaneous generation. |
| What was the design of Pasteur’s S-shaped flask? | It allowed air to enter but trapped microbes, keeping broth sterile. |
| What protein makes up bacterial flagella? | Flagellin. |
| What is another name for axial filaments? | Endoflagella. |
| Who was Alexander Fleming? | Discovered the first antibiotic (penicillin) by accident. |
| What is recombinant DNA? | DNA combined from two sources. |
| What are some uses of recombinant DNA? | Protein production, gene therapy, genetically modified organisms. |
| What are emerging infectious diseases (EIDs)? | New or reemerging diseases caused by new microbes, evolution, spread, or ecological changes. |
| Give examples of emerging infectious diseases. | Zika, MERS, H1N1 influenza, MRSA, Ebola. |
| Will humans ever be free of infectious diseases? | No, because microbes evolve and new pathogens emerge. |
| Are cell walls present in all cells? | No. |
| What is a simple stain? | A single dye that highlights the entire microorganism; a mordant may enlarge. |
| What is an electron microscope used for? | Uses electrons and short wavelengths to view viruses and ultrastructure. |
| What is darkfield microscopy? | Produces a bright specimen on a dark background. |
| What is fluorescence microscopy? | Uses UV light and fluorochromes; common in immunofluorescence. |
| What happens to Gram-positive bacteria in the Gram stain? | They stain purple, have thick peptidoglycan, and are penicillin sensitive. |
| What happens to Gram-negative bacteria in the Gram stain? | They stain pink/red, have thin peptidoglycan and an LPS outer membrane, and are less sensitive. |
| What is resolution in microscopy? | The ability to distinguish two points; shorter wavelengths give better resolution. |
| What is diffusion? | Passive transport from high to low concentration, no energy needed. |
| What is active transport? | Requires ATP to move substances against their gradient (low to high). |
| What is the function of the nucleus? | Contains DNA. |
| What is the function of the rough ER? | Protein synthesis. |
| What is the function of the smooth ER? | Synthesizes lipids, hormones, and membranes. |
| What is the function of the Golgi apparatus? | Modifies, sorts, and transports proteins. |
| What is the function of mitochondria? | Cellular respiration, produces ATP. |
| What is the function of chloroplasts? | Photosynthesis. |
| What is the function of lysosomes? | Contain digestive enzymes, break down waste and vesicles from Golgi. |
| What is the function of vacuoles? | Storage and transport, bring substances into cell. |
| What is the function of peroxisomes? | Oxidize fatty acids, break down hydrogen peroxide. |
| What is the function of centrosomes? | Organize mitotic spindle during cell division. |
| How do antibiotics cause osmotic lysis? | They weaken peptidoglycan cell walls, causing cells to burst in hypotonic solution. |
| What happens to a cell in a hypertonic solution? | Water leaves, the cell shrinks (plasmolysis). |
| What happens to a cell in a hypotonic solution? | Water enters, the cell bursts (lysis). |
| What happens to a cell in an isotonic solution? | No net water movement, cell stays the same. |
| What is serological testing? | Uses antigen–antibody reactions to differentiate between species and strains. |
| What is DNA fingerprinting? | Cutting DNA with restriction enzymes and separating by gel electrophoresis to compare band patterns. |
| What is the Western blot test? | Detects antibodies in patient serum, used to confirm infections like HIV and Lyme disease. |
| What are taxic movements in bacteria? | Movement by flagella as runs (straight) and tumbles (reorient). |
| How are DNA/RNA sequences used in classification? | More overlap in sequences indicates closer relatedness. |
| What are general facts about the Kingdom Animalia? | Multicellular, no cell walls, chemoheterotrophic. |
| Why are viruses not included in the domains? | Domains are based on cell structure, and viruses are acellular. |
Created by:
mahak