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APES
Unit 2: The living world - Biodiversity
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Define BIODIVERSITY | the variety of organisms that exist within a particular ecosystem |
| What 2 factors contribute to Biodiversity? | 1. The number of species in an ecosystem 2. The number of individuals in each population |
| Define GENETIC DIVERSITY | The variation of genes and alleles in a population |
| Describe a POPULATION BOTTLENECK | reduction in a population size due to an environmental or biological factor that drastically narrows survivorship |
| Provide examples of a POPULATION BOTTLENECK | 1. Natural Disasters 2. Human Disturbances 3. Disease or epidemics |
| Define SPECIES DIVERSITY | Biodiversity between species |
| Why is SPECIES DIVERSITY important to an ecosystem? | Having a number of species that can fulfill the same role/niche secures the safety of a role if a species were to be wiped out/go extinct |
| Define HABITAT DIVERSITY | the variety of different habitats in a particular geographic area |
| Describe the difference between RICHNESS vs EVENNESS | Richness is dependent on how many different species inhabit an area, whereas evenness compares population sizes of each species in an ecosystem |
| Define ECOSYSTEM RESISTANCE | How much disturbance effects the functioning of a system |
| What are ecosystem services and list the 4 types | the naturally occurring benefits that we obtain from ecosystems 1. Provisioning 2. Regulating 3. Cultural 4. Supporting |
| What is a PROVISIONING SERVICE? | Products provided - ex: food, water, timber |
| What is a REGULATING SERVICE? | Benefits in terms of regulating processes - ex: climate regulation, water purification, pest control |
| What is a CULTURAL SERVICE? | Non-material benefits - ex: recreational, aesthetic, and/or spiritual |
| What is a SUPPORTING SERVICE? | Support any of the other 3 categories - ex: Soil formation and nutrient cycling |
| What does it mean if something is ANTHROPOGENIC? | It is man-made or caused by humans |
| Describe the Island Biogeography Theory | "After the formation of an island, it will be a certain amount of time before it's discovered and subsequently inhabited by various different organisms." |
| hat are the 2 biggest determinants of the Island Biogeography Theory? | Immigration and extinction rates - as extinction increases, immigration decreases |
| Why are larger islands closer to mainland important to the Island Biogeography Theory? | LARGER islands CLOSER to land will have higher rates of immigration due to proximity to other larger ecosystems |
| What is an ENDEMIC SPECIES? | Those that occur naturally in only one or certain parts of the world |
| What are SPECIALISTS when discussing species? | species that require a specific ecosystem to live in - a type of endemic species |
| What is an INVASIVE SPECIES? | a specie with few to no native predators that also fulfill a broad niche and therefore replace native species |
| Define ECOLOGICAL TOLERANCE | finding what per ecosystem are the ideal conditions for survival and prosperity -Lwk js how much they can out up with |
| Define INTOLERANCE in terms of environmental science | when members of an ecosystem die off due to conditions being unfavorable |
| Describe Resistance in terms of Environmental Science | a measurement of how much an ecosystem changes after a disruption |
| Describe Resilience in terms of Environmental Science | How quick an ecosystem recovers and rebuilds after a disturbance |
| What is the INTERMEDIATE DISTURBANCE HYPOTHESIS? | Describes the idea that for an ecosystem to each it's maximum species diversity it must experience an intermediate level of disturbance for both early and late succession species to live in an ecosystem at the same time |
| What are some examples of EARLY SUCCESSION SPECIES? | Shrubs and Grasses |
| What are some examples of LATE SUCCESSION SPECIES? | Mammals and predators |
| What is Survival of the fittest/natural selection? | The idea that those with advantageous genes will survive depending on the environmental pressures and/or threats |
| Define REPRODUCTION ISOLATION and list it's 2 types | When 2 populations are no longer able to reproduce with each other 1. Allopatric 2. Sympatric |
| Define ALLOPATRIC Speciation | A physical barrier exists preventing reproduction |
| Define SYMPATRIC Speciation | Same area and no physical barriers but still no reproduction -often caused by different reproduction times or mating seasons |
| Define ECOLOGICAL SUCCESSION | the process by which an ecosystem or community experiences change |
| What is ECOLOGY? | The branch of biology that studies the relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings |
| List the Biodiversity "Hot spots" | Tropical rainforests, coral reefs, Mediterranean |
| What is a NICHE? | A species specific role in their community or ecosystem |
| What is so important about diverse ecosystems? | more likely to recover form environmental stressors |
| What is a CLIMAX COMMUNITY? | When an ecosystem reaches stability |
| What are PRIMARY and SECONDARY succession and their differences? | Primary means there is no live soil and only bedrock exists requiring lichen to revive it's soil; however, secondary still has live soil only it requires a species like shrubs or grasses to flourish again |
| What are PIONEER SPECIES? | Species in succession that breakdown bedrock by erosion or weathering to create soil |
| What is an INDICATOR SPECIES? | A species tat reflects the health of the overall ecosystem ex: frogs |
| Define ALPHA DIVERSITY | diversity within a particular area (species richness and abundance) |
| Define BETA DIVERSITY | change in species composition between areas |
| Define GAMMA DIVERSITY | total diversity across a large region |
| Define Functional Diversity | variety of rules performed by species, traits of organisms |
| Define PHYLOGENETIC DIVERSITY | evolutionary history and relatedness of species |
| What is ADAPTIVE RADIATION? | when species rapidly diversifies into new species to fit different environmental niche |
| What is a GENERALIST SPECIES? | able to live in wide variety of areas/ make use of resources |
| Describe a KEYSTONE SPECIES | A species in a trophic cascade most often that has a disproportionately large effect on the ecosystem as a whole |
| What is the purpose of a RAREFACTION CURVE | compares species richness between communities w different sample size |
| What is the purpose of Remote Sensing/GIS? | Large Scale measurements of earth's surface from a distance |
| What are EDGE EFFECTS? | living at the edge of an ecosystem leaves the organisms exposed to predators, further from resources, and exposed to greater danger in general |
| What was Edward O. Wilson's "Half-earth Claim"? | set half the planet aside for Nature |
| What did Edward O. Wilson believe in? | The Large islands closest to mainland will have the highest biodiversity |
Created by:
kiera.merrell