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Anatomy Term 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Bony pelvis | protects and supports the pelvic organs |
| Pelvic inlet | just below ala of ilium and sacrum |
| Pelvic outlet | Pubic arch and ischial tuberosities |
| Pelvic floor is mainly the | pelvic outlet |
| Pelvic floor | Support muscles of pelvic floor |
| Pelvic floor contains | Sphincter muscles for anal canal and urethra |
| Superficial pelvic floor muscles associated with | Erection, urination, and ejaculation |
| Superficial pelvic floor muscles | Ischiocavernosis and bulbospongiosus |
| Pelvic floor muscles between males and females | They are the same muscles with different orientations and functions |
| Vaginal opening location | Anterior to urogenital hiatus, changing orientation for urogenital triangle structures |
| Female external genitalia location | inferior to pubic symphysis and surrounds the urethral and vaginal openings |
| Clitoris location | Most anterior part of external genitalia |
| Vestibule location | Surrounded by labia majora |
| Urethra and vaginal openings are within | Vestibule |
| Breast evolution times | puberty, childbearing, and menopause |
| Suspensory breast ligaments arise from where | 2-6th rib |
| Mammary glands | surrounded by fat and all funneling to lactiferous ducts |
| Lactiferous ducts convene at | Lactiferous sinus just deep to nipple |
| Breast tissue drains to | axilla, some crosses midline, drains to abdomen |
| Pelvic organs associated with childbearing are found | between the bladder and rectum |
| Uterus folds where | anteriorly over the bladder |
| Anteverted | Word for folds anteriorly over the bladder |
| Peritoneal cavities | Two potential spaces around uterus |
| Names of peritoneal cavities | Vesicouterine pouch and rectouterine pouch |
| Uterine tube location | extend bilaterally from uterus |
| Uterine tube opening end | Sitting superolateral to ovaries |
| Uteral fundus | Most superior/anterior cervix is projection into vaginal canal |
| Uterine wall layers | Perimetrium, myometrium, endometrium |
| Perimetrium | Outer layer of uterine wall |
| Myometrium | Muscular layer of uterine wall |
| Endometrium | Innermost layer of uterine wall that grows and sheds |
| Uterine tube sections | Fimbriae, infundibulum, ampulla, isthmus |
| Fornix location | Around the cervix |
| Ovaries facts | Cortex and medulla, follicles release into abdomen at maturity |
| Uterus and ovaries encasing | Supported and covered by several ligaments |
| Broad ligament | Drapes over uterus and tubes, a continuation of the peritoneum |
| Parts of broad ligament | Round ligament, ligament of ovary, suspensory ligament of ovary |
| Round ligament of uterus | Attaches to anterior abdominal wall, maintains antiversion |
| Ligament of ovary | anchors ovaries to uterus |
| Suspensory ligament of ovaries | Contains ovarian vessels |
| Ovarian arteries and veins arise from | abdominal aorta |
| Non ovarian GU arteries arise from | internal iliac |
| Veins of GU organs are arranged in | plexus in nature |
| Veins return how from GU | Paired veins that follow the arteries |
| Proliferation | cell division |
| Hypertrophy | Increase in cell size |
| Accretion | Increase in extracellular matrix, part of growing |
| Apoptosis | cell death |
| Differentiation | cell specialization |
| Signaling | One group of cells influences development of another group of cells to cause differentiation |
| Morphogenesis | Formation or change of shape |
| Clinical timing | start at last day of menses |
| Development/embryology | start from fertilization |
| Embryonic period | Fertilization to end of week 8 |
| Fetal period | Week 8 to birth |
| Fetal period growth | System growth |
| Critical period of development is | times at which these systems are most susceptible to teratogens and developmental variations |
| Week 3-16 | CNS |
| Week 3ish-6ish | Heart |
| Week 4-6ish | Upper limbs |
| Week 4ish-8ish | Eyes |
| Week 4ish-6ish | Lower limbs |
| Week 6ish-9ish | Teeth |
| Week 6ish-9ish | Palate |
| Week 7ish-10ish | External genitalia |
| Week 4ish-9ish | Ear |
| Day 1 of pregnancy | Fertilization |
| Day 2-4 of pregnancy | Cleavage |
| Ampulla of uterine tube | Where fertilization occurs |
| Miotic division of zygote happens during | Cleavage |
| Morula | 16 cells |
| Day 5-7 | Zygote has reached the uterus and uses uterine fluid to grow into a blastocyte |
| Blastocyst | First point of cell differentiation |
| Implantation | day 5-7, into uterine wall |
| Implantation typical occurs where | Superior portion of the uterine wall |
| Embryoblast cells within blastocyte do what | differentiate |
| Embryoblast cells differentiate into | Hypoblast and epiblast |
| Bilaminar disc | Hypoblast and epiblast |
| Area above the epiblasts becomes | amniotic sac |
| Placenta formation begins at | Day 7 |
| Gastrulation | Week 3 |
| The process by which our bilaminar disc becomes | 3 layer disc |
| Day 14-15 of pregnancy | Epiblast cells migrate to the streak and move inward to replace the hypoblast |
| Trilaminar disc has three layers | Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm |
| Each layer of trilaminar will form | Diffrent systems |
| Endoderm | Epithelia line our internal passages that contact external substances |
| Ectoderm | Epidermis and nervous system, includes retina, lens, cornea, cochlea, vestibular canals of ear |
| Neural crest cells associated with | ectoderm and neural tube that form melanocytes, parts of facial skeleton, cells in both adrenal and thyroid glands |
| Germ layers | Paraxial, Intermediate mesoderm, lateral mesoderm |
| Mesoderm | is the main contributor to structures of the body and the most complicated with three subdivisions |
| Paraxial mesoderm (somites) | Skin, muscle, body tissue |
| Intermediate mesoderm | Adrenal glands, gonads, kidneys |
| Lateral mesoderm | Serous membranes, limb tissue, heart, ciculatory system |
| Notochord | drives the next stages of development and body folding, not a permeant structure |
| Not a permenant structure | notochord |
| Neural plate | formed by ectoderm |
| Neural plate development | Cranial to caudal at day 18 |
| Cranial neural tube closes | Day 24 |
| Caudal neural tube closes | Day 26 |
| Spina bifida | If caudal neuropore doesn't close |
| Not compatible with life | If cranial neuropore doesn't close |
| May be related to hydrocephalous | Spina Bifida |
| Spina bifida occulta (A) | defect in vertebral arches- the embryonic halves of the vertebral arches failed to grow normally and fuse in medial plane |
| Spina bifida occulta location | L5 or S1 |
| Spina bifida occulta clue | tuft of hair and dimple on back |
| Spina bifida cystica | Severe, protrusion of the spinal cord through the defect in the vertebral arches (hemorrhage through) |
| Spina bifida meningocele (B) | Includes meninges and dural sac, spinal cord is in the correct position but there may be abnormalities |
| Spina bifida myelomingocele (C) | Includes the spinal cord and is associated with a marked neurological deficit interior to the level of the protruding sac |
| Spina bifida myeloschisis (D) | The spinal cord is open to the environment; due to failed closure of the neural folds |
| Most severe form of spina bifida | Spina bifida myeloschisis- exposes spinal cord to environment |
| After neural tube closure | Cranial end expands and folds to make brain tissue |
| Tube throughout the majority of the embryo makes | Spinal cord |
| Opening of the neural tube forms | Ventricles and central canal |
| Neural crest cells | Arise during neurulation |
| Neural crest cells migration | to a variety of locations and become parts of multiple systems |
| Body folds in two directions how | simultaneously |
| The trilaminar disc will fold in two different directions to make | body cavities |
| Body folding starts | day 21 |
| When body folding can begin | when the lateral plate mesoderm splits into splanchnic and somatic divisions |
| Longitudinal folding | takes the disc and curves it cranially and caudally around the yolk sac |
| Yolk sac job | hematopoiesis until placenta takes over |
| Buccopharyngeal membrane becomes | the mouth during longitudinal folding |
| Longitudinal folding does what to the heart tube | puts it into the thorax |
| Longitudinal folding does what to the cloacal membrane | Position at the caudal end for the GI tube |
| Lateral folding | makes cavities |
| Gut tube formation ends | week 4/5 |
| Tube within the tube makes | GI tract |
| Septum transversum becomes | diaphragm by week 7 |
| Diaphragm begins | Day 22 at cervical level |
| Diaphragm innervation | Cervical nerves |
| Heart tissue develops from | mesoderm and some neural crest cells |
| Timing of when heart originates as a tube | Third week |
| Folding process moves heart tube where | into the thorax near developing vessels |
| Heart first folds into | loop from tube shape |
| Initial tube has inflow into | a single atrium to ventricle to bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus |
| Atrium positioned where in U shape | dorsally |
| Bulbus cordis positioned where in U shape | right |
| Dextracordia | Condition where heart lies on the right as a result of looping variation |
| Dextrocardia is associated with | Situs inversus |
| Atria chamber formation happens in | Week 5 and 6 |
| Atria formation starts with | endocardial cushion |
| Endocardial cushion grows out from | walls of heart tube |
| Atrial septum number of parts | two |
| Parts of the atrial septum | Septum primum and septum secunfum |
| Septum primum | grows from a central endocardial cushion and from the roof of the common aorta |
| Septum secundum | grows from the roof of the atrium and will fuse with the septum primum after birth |
| Fuse of septum | Change with first respiration after birth |
| Ventricle septum forms between | 5 and 7 |
| Primary portion of ventricle arises from | floor between the ventricles |
| Membranous part of ventricle descends from | central endocardial cushion |
| If membranous part does not reach muscular part of ventricle results in | septal defect of ventricle |
| During formation two atrium are separated by | parallel septum (primum and secundum) |
| Two atria have | openings allowing blood to flow |
| Blood flow in openings of atria | flow right to left |
| Keeps backflow from happening in heart | foramen ovale |
| Outflow formation of heart starts | 5th week |
| Outflow track makes | aorta and pulmonary trunk |
| Endocardial cushion form | Conotruncal ridges |
| Conotruncal ridges separate | the two outflow tracts |
| Aorticopulmonary septum | ridges grow together and twist together to create this |
| Septum of heart forms | Twist motion |
| Valves of heart form after | septum |
| 3rd great vessels form | common carotid |
| Great vessels form | aortic arches |
| 4th great vessels form | R subclavian and aorta |
| 6th great vessels form | Pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus |
| Fetal circulation varies based on | provision of oxygen and nutrients from the placenta |
| Lungs and liver blood flow | supply for nutrients but are separated from functional blood flow until birth |
| Lung development begins | day 28 |
| Lung development starts with | bronchial bunds and trachea |
| trachea forms off | the esophagus |
| Bronchial tree branching continues through | week 16 |
| Close relationship between esophagus and lungs disorders | esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistulas |
| Terminal bronchioles develop through | week 24 |
| Alveolar ducts do not begin until | week 24 |
| without alveolar ducts | cannot exchange gas |
| Alveolar sacs do not typically develop until | week 26 |
| Lung development continues through | childhood |
| Day 20ish paraxial mesoderm becomes | somites |
| Somites arrangements | bilaterally along middle of the tube cranial to caudal |
| Somites develop how many at a time | 3 pairs per day |
| First step of somite differentiation | sclerotome and dermomyotome |
| Somites begin to form before | Neural tube closure |
| Somite differentiates into | Dermomyotomes and sclerotome |
| Dermomyotomes split into | Dermatomes and myotomes |
| Sclerotome develop into | bones of the axial skeleton |
| Development of limbs | medial to lateral |
| Splanchnic mesoderm develops into | smooth and cardiac muscles |
| Upper limb begins to form | Embryologic W4 |
| Hand and foot plates begin to form | Embryologic W6+7 |
| Elbow and knee bends begin to form | Embryologic W6+7 |
| Limb rotation | Embryologic W8 |
| When limbs have reached adult positioning | Embryologic W9 |
| Formation of bones begins | Embryologic W5 |
| Bone formation occurs through | Endocardial ossification |
| Bones of the skull formation occur through | Intramembranous ossification |
| Mesenchymal cells form | flat sleeve that fills with osteoblasts and capillaries |
| Neurocranium | |
| Skull base and calvaria job | Holding brain |
| Skull base develops from | somites via endochondral ossification |
| Frontal and parietal bones form via | intramembranous ossification |
| Between calvaria bones | fontenelles |
| Fotenelles are | connective tissue openings that allow for substantial growth |
| Pharyngeal apparatus formation | Embryologic W4+5 |
| Number of pharyngeal apparatus | 6 and regress to 5 |
| Each pharyngeal apparatus arch is associated with | single cranial nerve forming the associated structures |
| Each pharyngeal apparatus arch is associated with | Developmental aortic arch |
| Pharyngeal arches | arise in the foregut at the level of the pharynx |
| Pharyngeal arches form from | mesoderm and neural crest cells |
| Pharyngeal arches create | head and neck structures |
| Frontal, maxillary, and mandibular process form into | nose, lips, and palates |
| Maxillary and mandibular arise from | 1st arch and associated pouch and cleft |
| Nasal placodes form in | frontal prominence |
| Nasal placodes form which week | Embryologic W4 |
| Nasal placodes grow into | medial and lateral nasal processes |
| Medial and lateral nasal process form in | Embryologic W5 |
| Maxillary process converge with | Intermaxillary segment |
| Complete formation of the upper lip and maxilla finishes | Embryologic W6 |
| Plate formation completed in | Embryologic W9 |
| Secondary palate formation completed in | Embryologic W12 |
| Cleft lip | Maxilla does not come together |
| Cleft palate | Palate cannot come together |
| Eye development closely linked to | CN II development |
| Eye development during weeks | Embryologic W3-10 |
| Optic vesicles develop from | Neuroectoderm |
| Optic vesicles form | the optic cup |
| Ear development begins with | Otic placode |
| Ear development begins week | Embryologic week 4 |
| Mesoderm of ear becomes | Bony labyrinth |
| Mesoderm ossifies week | Embryologic week 16-24 |
| Middle ear develops from | Pharyngeal arches 1 + 2 |
| Middle ear includes | ossicles, muscles, tympanic membrane |
| External auditory meatus forms from | 1st pharyngeal cleft |
| Cranial-caudal fold of GI tract occurs from | lack of growth of the yolk sac |
| cranial-caudal fold pushes yolk sac | outside on embryo |
| Dorsal portion of the yolk sac remains | as part of the gut tube |
| Lateral folding creates what with GI | tube within the tube of the gut within the body cavity |
| Buccopharyngeal membrane becomes | Mouth |
| Cloaca and cloacal membrane become | urinary opening and anus |
| Celiac artery | foregut |
| SMA | Midgut |
| IMA | Hindgut |
| Vitelline duct | Incorporated into umbilical cord |
| When vitelline duct is not full absorbed it is known as | Meckels diverticulum |
| Initial part of the upper GI tube becomes | pharyngeal apparatus |
| Lining of esophagus comes from | Endoderm |
| Muscles of esophagus comes from | Mesoderm |
| Upper GI of tube dilates in week 4 to become | stomach |
| How many rotations of stomach to get in ideal position | two |
| Left side of stomach enlarges more than | right side because of stomach curvature |
| First rotation of stomach | Brings liver to right and spleen to left |
| Liver at first is | ventral |
| Spleen at firs is | dorsal |
| First rotation of stomach occurs in ... rotation | clockwise |
| Second rotation of stomach | brings pylorus up towards the liver |
| All accessory organs originate as | buds off the gut tube |
| Pancreas forms as | two buds that join and fuse |
| Clockwise rotation of foregut moves pancreas | together but part stays connected to liver |
| Midgut (small intestine) grows | faster than there is room in the developing embryo |
| Rotation of midgut is centered around | Superior Mesenteric artery |
| Cloaca location | caudal end of the GI tube |
| Urorectal septum divides | Caudal end of the tube into two |
| Two parts of urorectal septum | Urogenital sinus and anorectal canal |
| Urogenital sinus will expand into | Bladder |
| Anal canals joins with | ectoderm infolding to open the GI tube |
| Urogenital ridge forms from | intermediate mesoderm |
| Intermediate mesoderm forms | genital ridge and nephrogenic cord |
| Nephrogenic cords become | kidneys |
| Nephrogenic cord evolves through | three stages |
| second stage of nephrogenic cord | the mesonphros (filtration) will evolve into parts of sperm pathway |
| Stage three of nephrogenic cord | metanephros and will form the kidneys |
| Metanephric duct grows | uretic bud |
| Uretic bud signals | for metanephric mesoderm to grow |
| Ureteric bud forms | ureter and internal kidney structure |
| Ureter develops | w 6 |
| Renal pelvis develops | w 7 and 8 |
| Metanephric mesoderm develops into | nephrons |
| Bladder forms from | superior portion of urogenital snus |
| Middle portion of urogenital sinus forms | urethra |
| Inferior portion of urogenital sinus forms | clitoris or penis |
| Nephrons form and are functional by | w10 |
| Difficulty in kidney migration | results in variation in blood flow |
| Genital ridge becomes | undifferentiated gonad |
| Mesoderm and germ cells help make | undifferentiated gonad |
| Development of gonad is determined by | y chromosome |
| Differentiation of gonads/external pubic area is dependent on | testosterone |
| Ovum system develops from | mullerian duct |
| Upper portion of mullerian duct becomes | uterine tubes |
| Lower portion of mullerian ducts | fuse to develop into the uterus and upper portions vagina |
| Lower portion of vagina form from | urogenital sinus with external genetalia differentiation |
| Testes secrete | Mullerian inhibiting factor |
| Wolffian ducts develop into | spermatic transport |
| Wolffian ducts connected to urogenital sinus | below the bladder |
| Descent of gonads complete by | w12 |
| Gubernaculum attaches to the gonads and extends to | external genital structures |
| Gubernaculum job male | guides testes through inguinal canal into scrotum then degenerates |
| Gubernaculum job female | Connects to uterus to form uterine ligaments (round and ovarian) |
| Aging is not | a disease |
| Changes can be slowed not | stopped |
| All of our senses are subject to change w | Normal progression of aging |
| Loss of vision and hearing are | virtually guaranteed if you live long enough |
| Subtle changes with aging are seen with | smell, taste, and touch |
| Change to the sense is | in the periphery |
| Changes to the brain can | increase the impact on senses of periphery |
| Some visual changes can be managed w | corrective lenses |
| Presbyopia | age-related change to the flexibility of the lens |
| Presbyopia results in | blurred vision up close but can be corrected w reading glasses or bifocals |
| Changes in vision that are not correctable with lenses | sensitivity to glare and loss of color discrimination |
| Age related hearing loss effects | people 65 and older |
| Presbycusis | Is due to the deterioration of additory cells, primarily hair cells loss |
| Highest pitch voice | lost first and progress down the tone range |
| Hearing loss is exacerbated by | genetics, lifestyle, and disease |
| Olfactory decline starts at | around age 70 |
| Olfactory changes are from | loss of nerve endings and decreased mucus in nasal passsages |
| Changes in smell are linked to | decreased appetite in older adults |
| There is decrease in | number of taste buds |
| Changes in taste sensation | taste buds, salivary tissues, complaint of dry mouth |
| Decreased taste of | salty and sweet |
| Light touch becomes | more sensitive due to thinning skin |
| Pain becomes | less sensitive after age 50 |
| Pressure and vibration become | diminished and can contribute to pressure sores |
| Kinesthetic awareness changes contribute | to fall risk |
| Everyone goes through some level of | cognitive decline as we age |
| Increased cognitive decline with | age |
| Brain changes are perceived as | decreased working memory and delayed recall |
| Grey matter declines | on a linear projection |
| White matter declines | in a more varied pattern |
| with aging Amyloid plaques accumulate in | the parenchyma |
| With aging Astrocytes | increased number |
| With aging microglia | have an increase number that are actvated |
| With aging mitochondria | changes in morphology |
| With aging neurofibrillary tangles | accumulate within neurons |
| With aging neuronal morphology | reduced dendritic branches and spines; cell body overall unchanged |
| With aging synapses | Reduction in number and changes is morphology |
| Changing to vasculature with age | Increase in atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis |
| Change in volume with age | reduction in gray matter volumes |
| Which type of attention gets worse with age | divided attention |
| Which type of intellectual functioning gets worse with age | fluid, nonverbal intelligence, speed of information processing |
| Type of executive functioning wore with age | Novel executive tasks |
| Type of memory worse with age | Learning and recall of new information |
| Language that is worse with age | Spontaneous word finding and verbal fluency |
| Visuospatial that is worse with age | Mental rotation, complex copy, mental assembly |
| Psychomotor functions that worse with age | Reaction time |
| Total body mass begins to decline around age | 60 |
| Adipose tissue goes where with age | central from peripheral |
| Start to loose muscle mass after age | 40 |
| Strength is lost after age | 50 |
| Muscle mass and strength are lost due to | apoptosis of motor neurons |
| Muscle changes with age can be due to | lack of long term exercise and decreased protein intake |
| Bone turnover | slows as we age |
| Because of less bone turn over | healing decreases, increased risk of osteoporosis |
| Connective tissue changes with age | tighten/shorten, decreased joint fluid, thinning cartilage, stiff joints and decreased ROM |
| RF of osteoarthritis | lifestyle, genetics, other diseases |
| Mobility | Movement in bed, transfers from one surface to another, and moving through the home and community |
| Mobility categories | Non-ambulatory, ambulatory, vigorous |
| Non-ambulatory | Includes bed mobility, transfers, and wheelchair use, may or may not need assistance |
| Ambulatory | Can walk household distances, but need assistance outside home |
| Vigorous | Challenging tasks (dancing, running, hiking) |
| Mobility changes with age | remain steady and decline slowly in the absence of a precipitating event |
| Visual and hearing impairments results in | higher risk of falls and fear limiting mobility |
| 85 and older | dependent for mobility inside |
| Gender (women) and race (minorities) impact | higher rates of mobility and impairment |
| Diseases that can accelerate mobility impairment | Osteoarthritis, stroke, BPPV, Parkinsons |
| Bed rest or hospitalization can impact | strength and subsequently mobility |
| Mobility impairment has been linked to | shorter lifespan |
| Complications from falls are the | leading cause of death from injury in geriatrics |
| Most common assessment | Self-report |
| Ask about ... for mobility | ADL |
| First assessment beyond observation for mobility | Timed up and go |
| Rehabilitation | ultimate interdisciplinary team |
| Each rehab profession can | function independently |
| Rehab professions typically | work together and often determine within the team who will cover what |
| Occupational therapy | focused on patient preferred outcomes and quality of life improvement |
| Occupational therapy goals | adaptation and modification |
| Physical therapy focus on | regaining physical abilities as key to rehab |
| PT improve deficits w | ROM, Strength, Coordination |
| PT able to | Determine which muscle isnt working |
| CCC-SLP | passing boards and completing clinical fellowship after graduation |
| SLP focus on | Speech, language, swallowing |
| Goal of acute impatient rehab | improve illness or recover from trauma/surgery |
| Allied health in acute inpatient rehab focus on | early intervention |
| Inpatient rehab goal | rehab w 24/7 nursing |
| Requirements for inpatient rehab | "impaired enough" to need placement- require 2/3 disciplines |
| Inpatient rehab training schedule | 3 hours a day, 7 days a week |
| Clinical outpatient rehab | Single specialty |
| Clinics are specialized based on | diagnosis problem, population, or concern |
| Home health rehab | involve more than one specialty and typically nursing |
| Skilled nursing | nursing care and rehab, shorter than DC home |
| Long term care | nursing care, may have some rehab, longer duration, may not DC home |
| Assisted living | New home, some have rehab available |
| Treatment of impairment three-pronged approach | treatment of underlying disease, improving impairments, adaptation or compensation |
| Empact of treatment has as much to do with | environment, culture, and desire of the individual as it does the physical abilities |
| Psychological factors in treatment of rehab | needs to be addressed |
| PT | strength, mobility, gait |
| OT | ADL and IADL |
| SLP | swallowing and communication |
| PA job w rehab | address fit, education of use, follow up, orders |
| Best way to refer | provide the leeway and flexibility for the rehab specialists to do their jobs |
| When writing orders for a specialist | write which discipline and "evaluate and treat" |
| OT requires a ... degree | Masters, optional doctoral |
| PT requires a .... degree | Doctoral |
| SLP requires a ... degree | Masters |
Created by:
kendallmk