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Intro Sociology
SOC 100
| Prompt | Response |
|---|---|
| What do Critical Theorists attempt to identify and analyze in society? | Inequality |
| What aspect of society is the focus of Symbolic Interactionism, understood through the analysis of microsociological actions & processes of learning? | Culture |
| According to Symbolic Interactionists, social structures are _________ | Dynamic |
| The top-down sociological approach of Structural Functionalism explains society through the analysis and emphasis of __________ | Institutions |
| What is Collective Consciousness? | Collective experiences and the things that broadly bind people together (ex. nationalism). It emphasizes unity across society. |
| What is Mechanical Solidarity? | Solidarity by similarities as people are united by what they have in common |
| What is Organic Solidarity? | Solidarity by differences as people are united by reliance on others for what they personally lack |
| What is Empirical Evidence? | Evidence obtained through observation, induction, or measurement of the world. It is the method of the natural sciences |
| What is Theoretical Evidence? | Evidence focused on abstraction, the identification of general principles, and the deduction from such principles |
| What is Positivism? | A philosophical/theoretical assumption that only observable, measurable, and empirically-verifiable facts count as knowledge |
| What study is Max Weber famous for? | A study identifying why Protestants were generally wealthier and had more professional jobs than Catholics. |
| What is Verstehen, a term coined by Max Weber? | The empathetic understanding of human behavior to be employed by sociologists |
| What is the Dramaturgical Method as a means of sociological analysis? | An argument that in society, individuals act as “actors” portraying “roles” in their many different social interactions |
| What is Social Constructionism? | A subset of Symbolic Interactionism that interprets society as the product of repeated, regular social interactions |
| What are Folkways? | Informal social norms |
| What are Semiotics? | The study of the ways in which signs are created and interpreted |
| What are Mores? | Strong moral rules that, when broken, typically incite punishment. |
| To what does Cultural Universals refer to? | The practices and institutions George Murdock, a structural functionalist, found to be consistent across virtually every society |
| Murdock claimed that Cultural Universals are essential to the maintenance of __________ in every society | Stability |
| Structural Functionalists believe that too much cultural ______________ may threaten society | Heterogeneity |
| What's the difference between symbols and signs? | Symbols need specific cultural knowledge to be understood, but signs may be obvious to just about anyone. |
| What are Elevated Ideas? | Images of former societies upheld by a present society as the ideal |
| What is Androcentric Language? | Use of male words to refer to any person in a way that implicitly excludes women and gender-nonconforming people |
| In the eyes of Structural Functionalists, culture serves a function of integration: it makes everyone in society hold similar values, therefore ensuring _____________. | Homogeneity |
| What 3 types of power were identified by Max Weber? | Rational Authority, Traditional Authority, and Charismatic Authority |
| Personal ___________ creates Charismatic Authority, which inspires people to obey by force of an individual's vision or personality | Magnetism |
| What is the Symbolic Universe? | The total, internally-consistent set of beliefs, myths, values, philosophies, etc. held widely in a given society. |
| What is a Dominant Ideology? | The system of values, beliefs, and practices that justify and support the existing social system. It defends the authority of those with power within that system |
| Institutions are formed based on a shared ________ Universe. | Symbolic |
| According to Antonio Gramsci, what 2 things uphold the dominance of the ruling class? | Ideological Hegemony and bourgeoisie control over intellectuals |
| According to Gramsci, the ruling class maintains control over institutions of education, law, and religion, to which people look for ____________ | Leadership |
| What is a Dominant Culture? | The values, norms, beliefs, and ways of behavior held by the ruling group in society, to which the rest of society is expected to conform. |
| What is the concept of the "eternal feminine"? | The supposed mysterious essence of women, often referred to by poets, artists, and novelists. It supposedly entrances men. |
| What is Edward Said's concept of Orientalism? | The way white Europeans saw the rest of the world as mysterious, uncivilized, and primitive. That perception upholds whiteness as the dominant culture |
| Knowledge of high/elite culture is a signifier of ______ and is therefore used to justify societal positions in a hierarchy. | status |
| What is Conspicuous Consumption? | The practice of buying expensive, showy things to demonstrate one’s power & status to others. It’s about showing off one’s wealth. |
| According to Pierre Bourdieu, culture is a form of _______. | capital |
| What is Habitus? | Deeply-ingrained habits/customs learnt as a child. |
| What is the primary reason for the controversial nature of the Stanford Prison Experiment? | The severe damage it caused to the wellbeing of participants |
| What is Situationism? | A social-psychological theory stating that our actions are dictated by the situation in which we find ourselves |
| What is Role-Taking? | The act of adopting a specific role in a situation |
| What idea forms the basis of Social Contract Theory? | People agreed to form a state and surrender themselves to authority because the stability fostered by a government structure benefitted them. |
| What is Social Exchange Theory? | A theory wherein society is understood as the product of a series of calculations of costs and benefits by individual members. |
| What is Weber's notion of legitimate violence? | Violence carried out by the state in performance of its role. With a monopoly over violence, the state is the sole entity with the right to use it |
| What is the core principle behind Liberalism? | Government is authorized by the consent of the individuals governed by it. |
| How do we define democracy as a whole? | The belief in rule by the people |
| Liberalism emphasizes Rule of Law, which is...? | The idea that universal laws protect individual rights and ensure predictable, safe existence for everyone; sometimes, the will of the people has to be limited to preserve individuals’ rights |
| On what basis does Carl Schmitt criticize Liberalism? | The inevitable existence of The Exception prevents a government from taking drastic action when it is necessary, leading to the rise of dangerous powers and ideologies |
| What is Carl Schmitt's concept of The Exception? | A situation in which laws and rights must be temporarily suspended so as to defend against an existential threat that would entirely overturn the law |
| Schmitt argues that liberals can never truly make the ______/_______ distinction | friend/enemy |
| To modernize, according to Barrington Moore, is to transition from a traditionally-structured agrarian society to an _________ _________ and centralized state | Industrial Economy |
| According to Moore, a strong, traditional ruling class (namely a militarized aristocracy) often produces ________ governments. | fascist |
| Moore argues that a ____________ class is necessary within a democracy. | bourgeoisie |
| Habermas argues that modern liberal-democratic states are morally superior to other state formations because their institutions embody his ideals of ________ _______ | Discourse Ethics |
| Seymour Lipset uses a Weberian model to identify beliefs in liberal-democratic societies, asking what values lead citizens of to vote for a specific party. He claims that every nation has a different ________ __________ | Political Culture |
| Critical Theorists claim that political cultures should be understood as __________ that may reinforce the power of a dominant group | Ideologies |
| What are Reformist Ideologies in relation to a Dominant Ideology? | Ideologies that basically accept a society’s dominant ideology, but suggest small changes to it |
| Antonio Gramsci explained the working class’s false consciousness as a result of __________ ____________. | Ideological Hegemony |
| What is Ideological Hegemony? | Gramsci’s term for intellectual and ideological control over society by the dominant class that ensures that everyone adopts the dominant group’s worldview/ideology |
| Political institutions, according to Marx, are a superstructure determined by an underlying _________ base. | economic |
| Carl Schmitt argued that politics are ultimately about defending the community’s way of life through the use of ___________ | Violence |
| What is Populism? | A political ideology that claims to speak for the people, relying on definitions of us and them. It commonly appeals to ethnic identity, religion, or class as sources of group identity |
| Populism relies on rhetoric of _______ and whips up anxiety over supposed threats | division |
| In theory, the State today is meant to stand ‘above’ society and should therefore arbitrate __________. | impartially |
| What is the Public Sphere, according to Habermas? | A third space between private home life and the political state, in which free debate takes place to form the public voice and influence the powerful. |
| What is Habermas' concept of the Lifeworld? | The common beliefs & values people in a community draw on in communication |
| In opposition to the Lifeworld, what is a System? | A set of impersonal social structures that ease and facilitate social interaction through automation |
| Unfortunately, Systems ________ once-organic interactions | automate |
| According to Parsons, if societies do not generate spontaneous order, they need a formal __________ to make clear decisions about their future. | institution |
| What is the study of Cybernetics? | The study of society’s conscious mechanisms of control |
| What is bureaucracy? | The employment of trained professional officials, operating by set rules and procedures to administer organization. |
| According to Weber, the rise of bureaucracies is a central feature of the ______________ of the state | modernization |
| Protecting heterogeneity, _________ societies have no single or unified ruling ideas: they try to include many different voices. | pluralist |
| What are civil liberties? | Legal protections against interference in individual life by the state |
| What are civil rights? | Legally-enforced guarantees of fair, equal treatment across society as a whole. |
| Weber’s tripartite explanation lays out areas of inequality; what are its 3 branches? | Economic Class, Social Status Group, and Political Party |
| Mann listed four sources of power; what are they? | Ideological, Economic, Military, and Political |
| Mann saw society as being inherently _________ | disunified |
| Define Polyarchy | A theory stating that decisions emerge from multiple different sources of power and that state power is not exercised unidirectionally |
| How does Mills define the Power Elite? | A small group of people at the top of the societal power hierarchy |
| What does Anomie, as defined by Durkheim, refer to? | A state of being wherein structures that regulate a person are weaker & less binding, leading to a sense of disconnection from society |
| Durkheim identifies anomie as a major social cause of _______ | suicide |
| What are the two types of deviance? | Criminal and Non-Criminal Deviance |
| What are the two types of law? | Repressive (Criminal) Law and Restitutive (Civil) Law |
| What are the two main ways in which representatives are selected in a representative democracy? | First-Past-the-Post and Proportional Representation |
| ______________ is an abstract legal status defined in terms of rights and legal protections for everyone of any background. | Citizenship |
| Talcott Parsons believes that politics _____ and _____ society | Unify and guide |
| In relation to stigma, what is passing? | Entirely hiding a source of stigma to be seen as "normal" |
| In relation to stigma, what is covering? | Minimizing the impact of a source of stigma without actually denying it |
| In relation to stigma, what is selective association? | Only interacting with others who share the same stigma |
| According to Erving Goffman, society treats people as deviants because they exhibit ________ | stigma |
| What is primary deviance? | The basic act of deviating from the norm or committing an often-minor crime without identifying oneself as a deviant person |
| What is secondary deviance? | The incorporation (willing or unwilling) of deviancy into one’s sense of self |
| How does Edwin Lemert, a Symbolic Interactionist, regard deviance? | We all do deviant things without necessarily seeing ourselves as deviant people |
| The potential ______________ for primary deviance may lead to secondary deviance | repercussions |
| Which theorist highlights the purposes of repressive and criminal law as reinforcing social solidarity and reminding people of ideal models of behaviors? | Durkheim |
| In Restitutive/Civil Law, society only intervenes at the request of one party in a _________, not to enforce conformity | contract |
| Repressive/Criminal Law works to enforce __________, and it punishes through the infliction of harm upon an offender | conformity |
| According to Durkheim, the main purpose of punishing deviance is to _______ ________ _____ | maintain social bonds |
| How does Social Control Theory, cemented by Travis Hirschi, explain crime? | This theory explains crime as a result of weak bonds between parents and children |
| How does Strain Theory explain sources of anomie? | Society applies pressure on individuals to achieve certain goals but doesn’t provide adequate means of doing so to all people |
| Though Merton was a Structural Functionalist, his argument implies that it is ______ _________ that force people into acts of criminality to achieve socially-defined goals. | Social Structures |
| What is Differential Association Theory? | The explanation of crime via the observation of how we learn from peers how to become criminals |
| Define Recidivism | A convicted criminal repeats their criminal offences even after conviction & punishment for a previous crime. |
| Rates of recidivism are used to evaluate the efficacy of __________ | punishments |
| What is prisonization? | A resocialization process into the subculture of prison life when entering a penitentiary. It reduces prisoners’ autonomy and their ability to cope while they acquire criminal skills. |
| How are prisonization and recidivism interconnected? | Prisonization increases recidivism rates because prisoners lose the skills they need to survive beyond prison life |
| What is victimology? | The study of what sort of people become victims and under what circumstances they do |
| What is the most common criticism of victimology? | That it engages in victim-blaming rhetoric |
| Deviant Place Theory, a subset of victimology, emphasizes _____________ risk and one's physical location | environmental |
| What is a moral panic? | A widely-spread fear of a particular social group being a threat to social order in spite of actual evidence of such. |
| Stanley Cohen argues that moral panics contribute to what process? | the criminalization process |
| Who are moral entrepreneurs and what do they do? | They are people who try to gain status or power by presenting themselves as defenders of social norms and who launch public campaigns to promote a cause |
| Moral entrepreneurs generate ____ then present themselves as society’s saviors. | fear |
| What is Howard Becker's Labelling Theory? | A theory that explains criminality by examining why society LABELS certain behavior as deviant |
| Who does Becker argue is primarily behind the labelling of certain behaviors as deviant? | Moral entrepreneurs |
| Becker is a Symbolic Interactionist who claims that criminality and deviance are the product of the social processes of _________ something as criminal. | defining |
| What are the two types of education? | Formal and Informal |
| Informal education is more _____________ than formal education | Collaborative |
| ________ education is more adaptable and easily tailored to the individual. | Informal |
| Historically, liberal education served to develop someone into a ____ _______ – hence its reservation for ruling classes. | free citizen |
| Liberal Arts are defined in opposition to the ________ Arts | Practical |
| According to Kingsley Davis & Wilbert Moore, the formal education system serves the function of preparing individuals for ________ in society. | inequality |
| What is meritocracy? | A system wherein social rank is be dependent on ability, not on one's birth/wealth |
| What is credentialism? | Requirements of specialized credentials/qualifications in order to get certain jobs. Such credentials may have no practical justification, implemented as a barrier to entry into a career field. |
| Optimistically, Structural Functionalist accounts assume that education & society are ___________, but Critical Theorists disagree on that front | meritocratic |
| Frank Parkin argues that credentialism limits _____ _______ | social mobility |
| Bourdieu argues that credentials are a form of _______ ________ as individuals invest in education as a way to improve chances more broadly | cultural capital |
| In regards to education, what is streaming? | The practice of sorting children into schools/classes by their achievement and ability |
| What is the primary criticism of streaming in regards to education? | It penalizes poorer students whose parents couldn’t help prepare them for schooling early on |
| What is a research university, specifically? | A higher educational institution focused on production of research wherein professors are evaluated by their publication & citation rather than on their teaching ability. |
| What is the Manufacture of Consent in media? | Use of the media to shape and direct public opinion in a supposedly-democratic society so that the masses come to agree with what experts advise |
| What is Uses and Gratifications Theory in regards to media? | A subject-focused theory that examines the personal reasons people have for choosing the kind/content of media they actively choose to consume |
| What is the Hypodermic Needle Model? | An argument that the public uncritically accepts the messages shot directly into them by the media |
| How does the The Two-Step Flow of Communication Model challenge the Hypodermic Needle Model? | Argues that members of the public do not take messages directly from media and instead consume messages filtered by Opinion Leaders |
| What does McCombs & Shaw's term, Agenda-Setting, refer to? | The media’s ability to determine what themes are viewed as important in public/political debates. Audiences are likely to think topics covered frequently and prominently in the media are the most important issues |
| What is media Priming? | A form of second-level agenda setting wherein, over time, media sets the terms by which we judge highlighted issues |
| What is media Framing? | How the media presents a particular news story, emphasizing certain aspects over others, and putting a particular spin on it to affect how the audience interprets it. |
| What is Noelle-Neumann's Spiral of Silence Theory? | The phenomenon by which once majority opinions/beliefs/views disappear over time from public debate as people become afraid to express them for fear of ostracization. |
| What is Horizontal Integration? | A process wherein different media outlets that operate at the same level/stage of production come to be owned by one larger conglomerate. |
| What is Vertical Integration? | A process wherein different stages of production come to be owned by the same larger conglomerate. |
| How do Critical Theorists examine mass media? | They analyze the concentration of power and the small number of hands in which it lies |
| What is Cultural Homogenization? | The decline of cultural diversity & local cultures and the spread of one dominant global cultural model across the entire world. |
| What is the Male Gaze? | A general social pressure on women to conform to standards of beauty in male eyes |
| For Marx, society itself is primarily organized around the production of material for _____________ | subsistence |
| According to Karl Marx, what are the means of production? | Both the raw materials and the tools, machines, and equipment required to produce items for consumption or commodities for sale |
| The means of production are the basic way humans interact with ________ | nature |
| What is Marx's conception of the bourgeoisie? | The owners of means of production who invest capital for profit and employ the proletariat in factories. |
| How are classes in capitalism defined? | In relation to each other. Each class is defined in relation to its opposite, and never in isolation |
| What is a Folk Religion? | Religious/mystical beliefs and practices as they are understood among the people without the interference of formal institutions |
| What is Spirituality? | Informal, often-personal beliefs about a transcendent realm that perhaps involves spiritual experiences |
| _______s are often very young religious organizations and may be centered on a single charismatic leader, which sets them up to fall apart upon the leader’s death. | NRM |
| What is the Routinization of Charisma, and which theorist dubbed it? | Max Weber’s term for the gradual transformation of extraordinary charismatic authority into regular, bureaucratized forms, for the sake of stability. |
| _________ adds petty bourgeoisie to Marx’s bourgeoisie & proletariat. | Wright |
| What is the petty bourgeoisie? | Workers who own personal means of production; they are self-employed and have control over their own work but not over others |
| What is social differentiation? | The tendency for the single overarching social system to split up into smaller, more specialized sub-systems as society gets larger and more complex. |
| In contrast to Marx’s relational account, Weber defines economic class in terms of ability to buy & consume goods, therefore defining class by ________ _________ market situation | market situation |
| What does W.E.B. DuBois’s term double consciousness refer to? | Racialized minorities’ experience of looking at themselves through their own ethnic lens and through the eyes of the dominant group; they have a double identity (ex. Black and American) |
| Market situation is __________: you can outbid someone with a worse market situation, but will be outbid by someone richer. | comparative |
| What, in regards to class, is absolute mobility? | Mobility in society overall, over time |
| What, in regards to class, is relative mobility? | An individual’s ability to move to better class position within existing structure |
| Not only does Weber define economic class differently from Marx, he also argues that social stratification is _____-_________, not just economic | multi-dimensional |
| What is status inconsistency? | An individual’s rank in one class system may differ from his/her rank in another |
| What is Taylorism / Scientific Management? | A system that aims at absolute maximum efficiency in the workplace, especially in factories, by totally standardizing practices |
| How is a post-industrial society defined? | Societies in which services replace manufacturing as the main economic driver and where knowledge has become the central resource instead of capital or labour |
| In a post-industrial society, according to Bell, the _______ ______ is no longer as significant, particularly due to rise of a welfare state and the decline of the manufacturing industry | working class |
| Post-Industrial society is more _______-oriented. | future |
| What are non-standard work arrangements? | Short-term, low-skill jobs with limited future prospects. Workers are easily replaced (ex. McJobs) These jobs leave their workers vulnerable |
| Long-term jobs are usually covered by _____ __________ | legal protections |
| What is Deskilling? | Reducing the level of skill or specialization required to perform a particular job by introducing technology or an advanced division of labor to replace a skilled worker |
| Braverman argues that deskilling is a result of ______ ________, which places more power in employers' hands | monopoly capital |
| What is alienation, a term emphasized by Marx? | A general sense of isolation, distance, and estrangement caused by life in an industrial, calculating society |
| What does Marmot's term, Status Syndrome, refer to? | Social standing impacts health and longevity, often for the worse |
| As a strategy for privilege expanded upon by Weber and Parkin, what is Closure? | The strategic monopolization of access to privileges for all except members of your own group |
| Because Weber defines class by individual’s market situation, he does not believe classes as whole have clear, predictable ________ | interests |
| Labor Unions aim to increase worker power through the process of ________ ____________ | collective bargaining |
| What is Class Conflict? | Inherent opposition of interests between social classes based on their relation to one another |
| What is stratification? | Structured social inequality and the process of defining an individual’s position through the use of a range of socioeconomic factors |
| What are quantiles? | Statistical constructions that sociologists use to compare different groups in society; they are identically-sized chunks of population |
| The commonly-used definitions define classes by ____________: whether they can buy what they need to survive | consumption |
| What is absolute poverty? | Poverty measured by a universal standard. |
| What is relative poverty? | Poverty measured in comparison to one’s means compared to those of others in their society. |
| What are Contradictory Class Locations? | Groups whose position is defined as dominant in relation to one class, but as dominated in relation to another class |
| The ____ scheme of occupational classes determines market situation and is based on job security, autonomy in work, level of supervisory authority, skill level, and ownership or self-employmen | EGP |
| What is status inconsistency? | The idea that an individual’s rank in one class system may differ from their rank in another. |
| Awareness of one's status inconsistency, according to Lenski, often leads to what? | Anxiety and/or a preference for radical politics |
| What is patriarchy? | A set of overarching structures and social institutions that perpetuate power inequalities keeping women in subordinate positions. |
| Historically, people explained gender differences as product of ________ ___________ | inherent features |
| What is gender essentialism? | A theory that sees men and women as having fundamentally different biological essences that define their actions. |
| Bales, a Structural Functionalist, argued that groups almost always assign certain ______ necessary for group survival when completing tasks of any kind | Roles |
| What is sex-role rigidity? | A belief that certain roles are suited only to one sex, and individuals must act according to sex |
| What is a sacred object, according to Durkheim? | Objects set apart from daily life that should not be treated lightly. They are considered holy and are treated as if they have mystical power. |
| What is internalized racism? | Personal opinions and preconceptions about race and racism, shaped by culture; it remains in one's mind |
| What is gender socialization? | The process through which children are taught socially-approved gender roles and identities |
| In relation to gender, what is Butler's term performativity? | The idea that our genders and sexualities are roles that we play, acting according socially-defined ideas of masculinity and femininity |
| But in performing gender, we __________ our own gendered selves, reproducing & reinforcing gender in society | consolidate |
| What are appearance norms? | Ideal standards of beauty in any society, to which we’re supposed to conform |
| Spitzer et al showed that the ideal woman has become much _______ since the 1950s, while the average woman is now bigger. | thinner |
| Berger argued that both high art and mass culture present women in an __________ manner, showing them as things to be used as men wish | objectifying |
| ______________ creates a utopian image of the vast availability of women for men to access as they wish. In this form of media, women are shown as always available & eager to satisfy male desires. | Pornography |
| What is Merleau-Ponty's term Embodiment used to refer to? | An individual’s sense of being a ‘body’ in the world, relating physically to it and being affected by it |
| Define body dysmorphia | Overwhelming concern with one's physical appearance |
| Who coined the term Male Gaze? | film theorist Laura Mulvey |
| De Beauvoir argues that the notion of the Eternal Feminine leads to women being culturally defined as ‘__________,’ and as being without inner lives and adventures of their own | secondary |
| As explored by Gagnon and Simon, what are sexual scripts? | The ‘accepted’ way to behave in sexual situations, from who makes first move to what happens in bed; these scripts are not universal |
| What is the Sexual Double Standard? | The simultaneous praising of men for sexual promiscuity and stigmatization of women for the same behavior |
| Men have sexual conquests, women are to ‘give in’ to sex ____________ and aren’t expected to show agency by making moves on men | passively |
| Women are expected by society to meet _____________ expectations: they must be both ‘Madonna and Whore’ | contradictory |
| Sedgwick argues that the sexual double standard is reinforced by male ____________ | homosociality |
| Contemporary Weberian John Goldthorpe argues that individuals are strategically __________ based on their life chances | rational |
| Goldthorpe argues that the middle class is mostly ____ _______, seeking to avoid downward social mobility | risk averse |
| In the eyes of a structural functionalist, what is the function of inequality? | To ensure that certain difficult but necessary positions are filled, society rewards those who do them very highly, attracting the most talented to do such jobs. |
| Welfare traps reinforce __________ | poverty |
| How does the triangular structure of male homosociality affect perceptions of women? | Many men bond by expressing their sexual desires for women and objectifying them together, reinforcing misogyny, homophobia, and sexual aggression |
| Critical Theorists highlight the element of _______ in male treatment of women, such as in cases of sexual assault | power |
| What is paraphilia as described by Goffman? | Sexual attraction considered abnormal in any given society; such forms of attraction are stigmatized and treated as abnormal or as sign of illness. |
| What is heteronormativity? | The general belief that heterosexual desire between cisgendered male and female is the only ‘normal' form of sexual attraction, as embodied and reinforced by social institutions |
| List some institutions that reinforce heteronormativity? | Legal systems and the media, |
| Duggan criticizes the embrace of heteronormative values by previously-excluded groups and calls it _______________ | homonormativity |
| There is some evidence that ____________ levels may be affected to some degree by gender socialization | testosterone |
| Butler argues that sex binarism is a product of social & cultural ________ binarism | gender |
| According to Beauvoir, essentialist depictions of femininity imply that women can’t ________ themselves: they can only be ‘natural’ women. | change |
| Who came up with the Madonna Whore Complex? | Sigmund Freud |
| Homonormativity can be considered as a form of _______________ | assimilation |
| What are the Kinsey Reports? | Two major studies by biologist Alfred Kinsey into sexuality of postwar Americans; they found that American sexual practices were much more varied than previously believed. They also introduced the Heterosexual-Homosexual Scale of 0-6 |
| How did "The Social Organization of Sexuality" challenge the Kinsey Reports? | Argued that Americans were less adventurous than Kinsey had claimed, still preferring monogamy in principle and in practice |
| What is the biggest takeaway from the Kinsey Reports? | Sexuality is socially-constructed |
| What does Repressive Hypothesis, which encompasses a belief Foucault disagrees with, mean? | It refers to the common belief that past centuries were sexually repressed (due to Christian morality), and that sexuality was treated as taboo |
| There has been some indication that the sexual double standard is gradually declining, leading to more gender equality and to declining levels of _________ _________ | domestic violence |
| What is Foucault's term Biopower in reference to? | It is a term for modern society’s examination and regulation of our bodies (including our sexual lives) through healthcare, epidemiology, etc. |
| According to Gilligan, women are brought up to be ____-__________ | self-denying |
| What are primordialist theories? | Theories that claim members of a nation share a key foundational characteristic (often biological) that "explains" something about their nature |
| Since the fall of the Nazis, primordialism has declined, leading to a more diffuse concept of a nation. That new concept usually emphasizes shared _______ | values |
| What is an Imagined Community? | Anderson’s term for a socially-constructed image of unity, brotherhood, and shared identity that underpins the emergence of nationalism. |
| Modernization, and ensuing changes it brought about, created an increased sense of _______ identity within a nation | group |
| What, as Durkheim put is, is a Totem in regards to nationalism? | A sacred object or image that serves to represent the community it belongs to. it is an item that indicates the common heritage of the group. |
| Durkheim links these totems to shared religious celebrations in which individuals experience Collective ________________ at feeling their unity with other members of the group | Effervescence |
| Multiculturalism entails support for groups coming in to host nations in preserving ________ __________ | cultural identity |
| What is a national minority? | A distinct minority group with own culture & ethnicity with a special connection of its own to the territory in which it lives; it is Indigenous |
| Kymlicka describes which two groups as National Minorities as both were present for Canada becoming a nation? | Quebecois and First Nations/Inuit/Metis people |
| Nearly __% of Canadians are migrants | 25 |
| Canadian immigrants increasingly originate from ____ | Asia |
| 92.2% of recent or established migrants live in ______ areas | urban |
| Which Canadian province is the most popular place for new immigrants to go? | Ontario |
| What is a diaspora? | The global dispersion of migrants of particular origin; people within that diaspora identify with their country of origin |
| What are remittances? | Migrants sending much of their wage to their home country to support their family, stimulating their homeland's economic growth |
| What is an Ethnic Enclave? | A concentration of people from one particular group in a specific area of a town |
| Most ethnic enclaves are institutionally complete. What does that mean? | It’s possible live entirely in the enclave and have all needs met |
| What is Racial/Ethnic Socialization? | Families & communities conveying messages to their children about the meaning and significance of their race/ethnicity. It includes the development of group identity, how to interpret racial experiences, and how to navigate racial hierarchies in society |
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