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Global History
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Prehistory | is the period of human history before writing was developed, three major periods of history are Lower Paleolithic, Upper Paleolithic, and Neolithic |
| Lower Paleolithic | humans used crude tools |
| Upper Paleolithic | humans began to develop a wider variety of tools, these tools were better made and more specialized, they also began to wear clothes, organize in groups with definite social structures and to practice art, most lived in caves during this period |
| Neolithic | social structures became even more complex, including growth of a sense of family and the ideas of religion and government, humans learned to domesticate animals and produce crops, build houses, start fires with friction tools and to knit and weave, and p |
| Anthropology | is the study of human culture |
| Anthropologists | study groups of humans, how they relate to each other, and the similarities and differences between these different groups and cultures, anthropologists research takes two approaches cross-cultural research and comparative research, most anthropologists |
| Four major divisions of anthropology | Biological, Cultural, Linguistic, Archaeology |
| Archaeology- | studies past human cultures by evaluating what they leave behind, this can include bones, buildings, art, tools, pottery, graves and even trash |
| Archaeologists | maintain detailed notes and records of their findings and use special tools to evaluate what they find, photographs, notes, maps, artifacts, and surveys of the area can all contribute to evaluation of an archeological site, by studying all these elements |
| Cro-Magnon Man | more primitive humans are believed to have appeared about on million years ago |
| Homo Sapiens | or modern man, what came after the Cro-Magnon Man |
| Human Development | divided into several phases: Lower Paleolithic/Early Stone Age, Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age, Upper Paleolithic/Late Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age |
| Lower Paleolithic/Early Stone Age | beginning two to three million years ago- early humans used tools like needles, hatchets, awls and cutting tools |
| Middle Paleolithic/Middle Stone Age | beginning approximately 300,000 BCE-sophisticated stone tools were developed, along with hunting, gathering and ritual practices |
| Upper Paleolithic/Late Stone Age | beginning approximately 40,000 BCE-including the Mesolithic and Neolithic eras, textiles and pottery are developed, humans of this era discovered the wheel and began to practice agriculture, made polished tools and had some domesticated animals |
| Bronze Age | beginning in approximately 3,000 BCE-metals are discovered and the first civilizations emerge as humans become more technologically advanced |
| Iron Age | beginning in 1,200 to 1,000 BCE-metal tools replace stone tools as humans develop knowledge of smelting |
| Civilizations- | are defined as having the following characteristics: use of metal to make weapons and tools, written language, a defined territorial state, a calendar |
| Earliest Civilizations | developed in river valleys where reliable, fertile land was easily found |
| Earliest Civilization Examples- | The Nile River Valley in Egypt, Mesopotamia, The Indus Valley, Hwang Ho in China |
| Tigris-Euphrates Valley/Nile Valley | the very earliest civilizations developed in the Tigris-Euphrates valley in Mesopotamia, which is now part of Iraq and in Egypt’s Nile Valley, these civilizations arose between 5,000 and 3,000 BCE, the area where civilizations like these grew is known as |
| Fluvial Civilizations | the earliest civilizations are referred to, because they were founded near rivers |
| Rivers/Water | what they provided were vital to these early groupings offering: water for drinking, cultivating crops and caring for domesticated animals, a gathering place for wild animals that could be hunted, rich soil deposits as a result of regular flooding |
| Irrigation Techniques | helped direct water where it was most needed, to sustain herds of domestic animals and to nourish crops of increasing size and quality |
| Fertile Crescent- | the area in Southwest Asia and Mediterranean basin where the earliest civilizations arose, this area not only provided the raw materials for the development of increasingly advanced civilizations but also saw waves of migration and invasion leading to the |
| James Breasted | an archeologist from the University of Chicago, popularized the term “Fertile Crescent” |
| Fertile Crescent Areas | the region includes modern Iraq, Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine and Jordan, it is bordered on the south by Syrian and Arabian Deserts, the west by the Mediterranean Sea, and to the north and east by the Taurus and Zagros Mountains respectively |
| Accomplishments of Egyptians | were one of the most advanced ancient cultures, having developed construction methods to build the great pyramids, as well as a form of writing known as hieroglyphics, their religion was highly developed and complex and included advanced techniques for th |
| Accomplishments of Sumerians | were the first to invent the wheel, and also brought irrigation systems into use, their cuneiform writing was simpler than Egyptian hieroglyphs and they developed the timekeeping system we still use today |
| Accomplishments of Babylonians- | are best known for the Code of Hammurabi, an advanced law code |
| Accomplishments of Assyrians | developed horse-drawn and an organized military |
| Accomplishments of Hebrew | or ancient Israelite culture developed the monotheistic religion that eventually developed into modern Judaism and Christianity |
| Accomplishments of Persians | were conquerors, but those they conquered were allowed to keep their own laws, customs, and religious traditions rather than being forced to accept those of their conquerors, they also developed an alphabet and practiced Zoroastrianism and Mithraism, reli |
| Accomplishments of Minoans | used a syllabic writing system and built large colorful palaces, these ornate buildings included sewage systems, running water, bathtubs, and even flushing toilets, their script known as Linear A, has yet to be deciphered |
| Accomplishments of Mycenaeans | practiced a religion that grew into the Greek pantheon, worshipping Zeus and other Olympian gods, they developed Linear B, a writing system used to write the earliest known form of Greek |
| Phoenicians | skilled seafarers and navigators, used the stars to navigate their ships at night, they develop a purple dye that was in great demand in the ancient world, and worked with glass and metals, they also devised a phonetic alphabet, using symbols to represent |
| Indus Valley | an urban civilization arose in what is now India, these ancient humans developed the concept of zero in mathematics, practiced an early form of the Hindu religion, and developed the caste system which is still prevalent in India today, Archeologists are s |
| Ancient China | human civilization developed along the Yangtze River, these people produced silk, grew millet and made pottery, including Longshan Black pottery |
| Civilizations of Mesopotamia | the major civilizations of Mesopotamia in what is now called the Middle East were: Sumerians, Amorites, Hitties, Assyrians, Chaldeans, Persians |
| Autocratic | a singular ruler served as the head of government and often was the main religious ruler as well, these rulers were often tyrannical, militaristic leaders who controlled all aspects of life, including law, trade and religious activity |
| Sumer | located in the southern part of Mesopotamia, consisted of a dozen city-states, each city-state had its own gods and the leader of each city-state also served as the high priest, cultural legacies of Sumer include: the invention of writing, invention of t |
| Kushites | Kush or Cush, was located in Nubia, south of ancient Egypt and the earliest existing records of this civilization were found in Egyptian texts, at one time Kush was the largest empire on the Nile River, ruling not only Nubia but Upper and Lower Egypt as w |
| Kerms | the capital of the Kushites, was a major center of trade |
| Matrilineal Descent | how Kush determined leadership of their kings, as did Egypt, their heads of state, the Kandake or Kentake were female |
| Kush Religion | their polytheistic religion included the primary Egyptian gods as well as regional gods, including a lion-headed god, which is commonly found in African cultures |
| Kushites Heritage | archeological evidence indicates the Kushites were a mix of Mediterranean and Negroid peoples |
| Aksumite Empire | Kush were conquered by them in the 4th century CE |
| Minoans | the Minoans lived on the Island of Crete, just off the coast of Greece, this civilization reigned from approximately 4000 to 1400 BCE and is considered to be the first advanced civilization in Europe |
| Linear A and Linear B | the Minoans developed writing systems known to linguists as Linear A and Linear B, Linear A has not yet been translated; Linear B evolved into classical Greek script |
| King Minos | Minoans” is not the name they used for themselves, but is instead a variation on the name of King Minos a king in Greek Mythology believed by some to have been a denizen of Crete |
| Minoan Civilization | subsisted on trade, and their way of life was often disrupted by earthquakes and volcanoes, much is still unknown about the Minoans and archeologists continue to study their architecture and archeological remains |
| Mycenaean Civilization | the Minoan culture eventually fell to Greek invaders and was supplanted by this civilization |
| Ancient India | the civilizations of ancient India gave rise to both Hinduism and Buddhism, major world religions that have influenced countries far from their place of origin, practices such as yoga, increasingly popular in the West can trace their roots to these earli |
| Mahabharata | literature from ancient India, containing the “Bhagavad Gita” the “Ramayana,” “Arthashastra” and the “Vedas” a collection of sacred texts |
| Indo-European languages | including english find their beginnings in these ancient cultures |
| Ancient Indo-Aryan languages | such as Sanskrit are still used in some formal Hindu practices |
| Chinese Civilization- | many historians believe that is it the oldest uninterrupted civilization in the world |
| Neolithic Age in China | goes back to 10,000 BCE with agriculture in China beginning as early as 5,000 BCE |
| The system of Chinese Writing | dates back to 1,500 BCE |
| The Yellow River | served as the center for the earliest Chinese settlements |
| Ningxia | in northwest China, there are carvings on cliffs that date back to the Paleolithic Period indicating the extreme antiquity of Chinese culture |
| Chinese Literature | from ancient China includes Confucius’ “Analects” the “Tao Te Ching” and a variety of poetry |
| Ancient Cultures in the Americas | less is known of the ancient American civilizations since less was left behind, some of the more well-known cultures include: Norte Chico civilization, Anasazi, Maya |
| The Norte Chico Civilization | in Peru, an agricultural society of up to 30 individual communities, existed over 5,000 years ago, this culture is also known as the Caral-Supe civilization and is the oldest known civilization in the Americas |
| The Anasazi | or Ancestral Pueblo People, lived in what is now the southwestern United States, emerging about 1200 BCE the Anasazi built complex adobe dwellings and were the forerunners of later Pueblo Indian cultures |
| The Maya | emerged in Southern Mexico and Northern Central America as early as 2,600 BCE they developed a written language and a complex calendar |
| Mycenaeans | relied more on conquest than on trade, it is theorized that the Mycenaean civilization was eventually destroyed in either a Dorian invasion or an attack by Greek invaders from the north |
| Mycenanean states | included Sparta, Athens, and Corinth |
| Homer | Greek poet, recorded the history of this civilization including the Trojan War, his work was largely considered mythical until archaeologists discovered evidence of the city of Troy in Hisarlik, Turkey |
| Dorian Invasion | does not refer to an invasion by a particular group of people, but rather is a hypothetical theory to explain the end of the Mycenaean civilization and the growth of classical Greece, ancient traditions refers to these events as “the return of the Heracle |
| Peloponnesian War | Both powerful city-states, Sparta and Athens fought each other (431-404 BCE) |
| Sparta | located in Peloponnesus, were ruled by an oligarchic military state, they practiced farming, disallowed trade for SPartan citizens and valued military arts and strict discipline, they emerged as the strongest military force in the area and maintained thi |
| Athens | the Athenians were created in Attica, where the land was rocky and unsuitable for farming, like the Spartans they descended from invaders who spoke Greek, their government was very different from Sparta’s; it was in Athens that democracy was created by Cl |
| Contributions of Ancient Greece | Theater, Alphabet, Geometry, Historical Writing, Philosophy |
| Theater | Aristophanes and other Greek playwrights laid the groundwork for modern theatrical performance |
| Alphabet | the Greek alphabet, derived from the Phoenician alphabet, developed into the Roman alphabet, and then into our modern-day alphabet |
| Geometry | Pythagoras and Euclid pioneered much of the system of geometry still taught today, Archimedes made various mathematical discoveries including calculating a very accurate value of pi |
| Historical Writing | much of ancient history doubles as mythology or religious texts, Herodotus and Thucydides made use of research and interpretation to record historical events |
| Philosophy | Socrates, Plato, Aristotle served as the fathers of Western philosophy, their work is still required reading for philosophy students |
| Alexander the Great | born to Philip of Macedonia and tutored by Aristotle, is considered one of the greatest conquerors in history, he conquered Egypt, the Achaemenid/Persian Empire, a powerful empire founded by Cyrus the Great that spanned three continents, and he traveled a |
| Fall of Alexander's Empire | this cultural diffusion left a greater mark on history than did his empire, which fell apart due to internal conflict no long after his death |
| Hellenistic traditions | Alexander's conquest spread were prevalent in Byzantine culture until as late as the 15th century |
| Hittites | were centered in what is now Turkey, but their empire extended into Palestine and Syria, they conquered the Babylonian civilization, but adopted their religion, laws, and literature, overall the Hittites tended to tolerate other religions, unlike many oth |
| The Hittite Empire | reached its peak in 1600-1200 BCE after a war with Egypt which weakened them severely, they were eventually conquered by the Assyrians |
| Persian Empire | ruled by Cyrus the Great, encompassed an area from the Black Sea to Afghanistan and beyond into Central Asia |
| Darius I | after the death of Cyrus, he became king in 522 BCE, the empire reached its zenith during his reign and Darius attempted to conquer Greece as well |
| Persian Wars | from 499-449 BCE. the Greeks and Persians fought in this war |
| Peace of Callias | brought an end to the fighting after the Greeks were able to repel the invasion |
| The Battles of Persian Wars | The Battle of Marathon, The Battle of Thermopylae, The Battle of Salamis, The Battle of Plataea |
| The Battle of Marathon | heavily outnumbered Greek forces managed to achieve victory |
| The Battle of Thermopylae | a small band of Spartans held off a throng of Persian troops, for several days before Persia defeated the Greeks and captured an evacuated Athens |
| The Battle of Salamis | this was a naval battle that again saw outnumbered Greeks achieving victory |
| The Battle of Plataea | this was another Greek victory but one in which they outnumbered they Persians, this ended the invasion of Greece |
| Maurya Empire | was a large, powerful empire established in India, it was one of the largest ever to rule in the Indian subcontinent and existed from 322 to 285 BCE, it was highly developed including standardized economic system, waterways, and private corporations, tra |
| Chandragupta Maurya | ruler of the Maurya Empire, after the withdrawal from India of Alexander the Great |
| Maurya Religion | religious development included the rise of Buddhism and Jainism |
| The Laws of the Maurya Empire | protected not only civil and social rights of the citizens, but also protected animals, establishing protected zones for economically important creatures such as elephants, lions and tigers |
| Fall of the Maurya Empire | he empire finally fell after a succession of weak leaders and was taken over by Demetrius, who took advantage of this lapse in leadership to conquer southern Afghanistan and Pakistan around 180 BCE forming the Indo-Greek Kingdom |
| Demetrius | a Greco-Bactarian king |
| Dynasties | in China, history was divided into a series of dynasties, the Chinese dynasties were comparable to Rome as far as their artistic and intellectual accomplishments, as well as the size and scope of their influence |
| The Han Dynasty | the most famous dynasty, existed from 206 BCE to 220 BCE |
| Accomplishments of the Chinese Empire | building the Great Wall of China, numerous inventions including paper, paper money, printing, and gunpowder, high level of artistic development, silk production |
| Rome | began humbly in a single town that grew out of Etruscan settlements and traditions |
| Legend of Rome | founded according to legend, by twin brothers Romulus and Remus who were raised by wolves, Romulus killed Remus and from his legacy grew Rome |
| Roman Empire | a thousand years later Rome covered a significant portion of the known world, from what is now Scotland, across Europe and into the Middle East, Rome brought in belief systems of conquered peoples as well as their technological and scientific accomplishme |
| Hellenization | the spread of Greek culture throughout the world served as an inspiration and a model for the spread of Roman culture |
| Republic | started by Rome, ruled by consuls |
| Julius Caesar | ruler of Rome, never gave up his power, became a dictator, after his assassonation, Rome became an empire led by emperors, |
| Rome's Government | was autocratic, but local officials came from the provinces where they lived, this limited administrative system was probably a major factor in the long life of the empire |
| Byzantine Empire | in the early fourth century, the Roman Empire split, with the eastern portion becoming the Eastern Empire or the Byzantine Empire, its major influences came from Mesopotamia and Persia |
| Constantine | in 330 CE, founded the city of Constantinople, which became the center of the Byzantine Empire |
| The Western Empire | which maintained traditions more closely linked to Greece and Carthage |
| Byzantine and Invaders | Byzantium’s portion gave it an advantage over invaders from the west and the east, as well as control over trade from both regions, it protected the Western Empire from invasion from the Persians and the Ottomans, and practiced a more centralized rule tha |
| Byzantine Accomplishments | were famous for lavish art and architecture, as well as the Code of Justinian which collected Roman law into a clear system |
| Fall of the Byzantine Empire | finally fell to the Ottomans in 1453 |
| First Council of Nicaea | there was as yet no unified doctrine of Christianity, as it was a relatively new religion that had spread rapidly and without a great deal or organization, in 325 this council addressed this issue, from this conference came the Nicene Creed |
| The Nicene Creed | addressing the Trinity and other basic Christian beliefs |
| The Council of Chalcedon | in 451 further defined the view of the Trinity |
| Germanic Tribes | including the Visigoths, Ostrogoths, Vandals, Saxons and Franks, controlled most of Europe, the Roman Empire faced major opposition on that front |
| Problems of the Roman Empire | the increasing size of the empire also made it harder to manage, leading to dissatisfaction throughout the empire as Roman government became less efficient |
| Arianism | Germanic tribes refused to adhere to the Nicene Creed, instead following Arianism, which led the Roman Catholic Church to declare them heretics |
| The Franks | proved a powerful military force in their defeat of the Muslims in 732 |
| Charlemagne | in 768, he became king of the Franks |
| Invasions of Rome | many tribes waged several wars against Rome, including the invasion of Britannia by the Angles and Saxons, far-flung Rome lost control over this area of its Empire, and eventually Rome itself was invaded |
| Emperor Leo III | ordered the destruction of all icons throughout the Byzantine Empire, images of Jesus were replaced with crosses and images of Jesus and Mary or other religious figures were considered blasphemy on grounds of idolatry |
| Pope Gregory II | called a synod to discuss the issues taken by Leo III, the synod declared that the images were not heretical and that strong disciplinary measures would result for anyone who destroyed them |
| Emperor Leo III v. Pope Gregory II | Leo’s response was an attempt to kill Pope Gregory but this plan ended in failure |
| Normans | Vikings invaded Northern France in the 10th century, eventually becoming the Normans |
| Vikings | originating in Scandinavia, were accomplished seafarers with advanced knowledge of trade routes, with overpopulation plaguing their native lands, they began to travel, from 8 to 11 centuries they spread throughout Europe conquering and colonizing, invaded |
| Anglo-Saxon Invasion | Vikings invasion that displaced the Roman Empire |
| Places where the Vikings invaded | by 900, vikings had settled in Iceland, they proceeded then to Greenland and eventually to North America, arriving in the New World even before the Spanish and British who claimed the lands several years later |
| Vikings and Byzantine | Vikings also traded with the Byzantine Empire until the 11 century when their significant level of activity came to an end |
| The Dark Ages | in Europe, the years 500-1000 CE are largely known as the Dark Ages,in the 10th century, numerous Viking invasions disrupted societies that had been more settled under Roman rule |
| High Middle Ages | by the 11th century, Europe would rise again, with the beginning of the Crusades |
| China & the Dark Ages | in China, war rages, this led the Chinese to make gunpowder for the first time in warfare |
| Americas & the Dark Ages | in the Americas, the Mayan Empire was winding down while the Toltec became more prominent, Pueblo Indian culture was also at its zenith |
| Muslims & the Dark Ages | in the East, the Muslims and the Byzantine Empire were experiencing a significant period of growth and development |
| Feudalism | a major element of the social and economic life of Europe, developed as a way to ensure European rulers would have the wherewithal to quickly raise an army when necessary |
| Vassals | swore loyalty and promised to provide military service for lords, who in return offered a fief or a parcel of land for them to use to generate their livelihood, returned a certain percentage of their income to the lords who in turn passed a portion or the |
| Fief | an estate of land |
| Peasants/Serfs | workers who had few rights and were little more than slaves, or grant the fief to someone else |
| The King | the king legally owned all the land, but in return promised to protect the vassals from invasion and war |
| Manorialism | in which the feudal system was applied to a self-contained manor, these manors were often owned by the lords who ran them, but were usually included in the same system of loyalty and promises of protection that drove feudalism |
| Roman Catholic Church | extended significant influence both politically and economically throughout medieval society, the church supplied education, as there were no established schools or universities, to a large extent the church had filled a power void left by various invasio |
| The King and The Pope | kings were heavily influenced by the Pope and other church officials, and churches controlled large amounts of land throughout Europe |
| The Bubonic Plague | the black death, most likely came to Europe on fleas carried by rats on sailing vessels, the plague killed more than a third of the entire population of Europe and effectively ended feudalism as a political system, nation-states grew in power and in the f |
| The Crusades | began in the 11th century and continued into the 15th, the major goals of these various military ventures was to slow the progression of Muslim forces into Europe and to expel them from the Holy Land, where they had taken control of Jerusalem and Palesti |
| Alexius I | the Byzantine emperor, called for helped from Pope Urban II when Palestine was taken |
| Pope Urban II | in 1095, hoping to reunite Eastern and Western Christianity, encouraged all Christians to help the cause |
| Jerusalem | amidst great bloodshed, this crusade recaptured Jerusalem but over the next centuries, Jerusalem and other areas of the Holy Land changed hands numerous times |
| The Second Crusade | 1147-1149, consisted of an unsuccessful attempt to retake Damascus |
| The Third Crusade | under Pope Gregory VIII, attempted to recapture Jerusalem, but failed |
| Then Fourth Crusade | under Pope Innocent III, attempted to come into the Holy Land via Egypt |
| Guptas | after the Mauryan dynasty, the Guptas ruled India, maintaining a long period of peace and prosperity in the area, during this time the Indian people invented the decimal system as well as the concept of zero, the Gupta Dynasty ended in the 6th century |
| Gupta Dynasty Inventions | they produced cotton and calico, as well as other products in high demand in Europe and Asia, and developed a complex system of medicine |
| Huns/Hephthalites | first the Huns invaded and then the Hephthalites(an Asian nomadic tribe) destroyed the weakened empire |
| Tamerlane | a Muslim who envisioned restoring Genghis Khan’s empire, in the 14th century expanded India’s borders and founded the Mogul Empire |
| Akbar | grandson of Tamerlane, promoted freedom of religion and built a wide-spread number of mosques, forts, and other buildings throughout the country |
| Ming Dynasty & Manchu Dynasty | after the Mongols led by Genghis Khan and his grandson Kublai Khan, unified the Mongol Empire, Chinawas led by the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644) and the Manchu(also known as Qing) Dynasty(1644-1912) both dynasties were isolationist, ending China’s interaction w |
| Ming Dynasty | was known for its porcelain, constant expansionary wars also continued China’s artistic resurgence |
| Manchu Dynasty | focused on farming and road construction as the population grew |
| Japan | developed independently of China, but borrowed the Buddhist religion, the Chinese writing system, and other elements of Chinese society, ruled by the divine emperor, Japan remained isolationist, not interacting significantly with the rest if the world unt |
| Daimyo | Japan basically functioned on a feudal system led by daimyo or warlords |
| Samurai | Japanese warriors and soldiers |
| Zhou Yuanzhang | established the Ming Dynasty(1368-1644), Buddhist monk, who quickly became obsessed with consolidating power in the central government and was known for the brutality with which he achieved his ends |
| Confucian Classics | it was during the Ming Dynasty, that China developed and introduced its famous civil service examinations, rigorous tests on the Confucian classics, the future of an ambitious Chinese youth depended on his performance on this exam |
| Forbidden City | the capital was transformed from Nanjing to Beijing during the Ming Dynasty and the Forbidden City was constructed inside the new capital |
| Africa | much of Africa was difficult to traverse early on, due to the large amount of desert and other inhospitable terrain |
| Muslims and Egypt | Egypt remained important though most if the northern coast became Muslim as their armies spread through the area |
| Ghana | rose as a trade center in the 9th century, lasting into the 12th century, primarily trading in gold which it exchanges for Saharan salt |
| Mali | rose somewhat later, with the trade center Timbuktu becoming an important exporter of goods such as iron, leather and tin, also dealt in agricultural trade, becoming one of the most significant trading centers in West Africa |
| African Culture | was largely defined through migration, as Arab merchants and others settled on the continent, particularly along the east coast |
| Muslims and Timbuktu | scholars from Muslim nations gravitated to Timbuktu, which in addition to its importance in trade, had also become a magnet for those seeking Islamic knowledge and education |
| Muhammad | born in 570 CE, began preaching around 613, leading his followers in a new religion called Islam, by the time he died in 632, most of Arabia had become Muslim to some extent, his teachings gave the formerly tribal Arabian people a sense of unity that had |
| Islam | which means “submission to God’s will” |
| Bedouins | before the time of Islam, the Arabian Peninsula was inhabited largely by these people, who were nomads that battled amongst each other and lived in tribal organizations |
| Mecca | holy city of Islam, Muhammad conquered it, a temple called the Kaaba was located |
| Kaaba | had long served as a center of the nomadic religions, Muhammad declared this temple the most sacred of Islam, |
| Koran/Qur’an | Muhammad writings, divine revelations he said had been delivered to him by the angel Gabriel |
| Death of Muhammad | after his death, the converted Muslims of Arabia conquered a vast territory, creating an empire and bringing advances on literature, technology, science and art as Europe was declining under the scourge of the Black Death |
| “Arabian Nights” & “Rubaiyat” of Omar Khayyam | literature from this period of Islamic History |
| Shiite/ Sunni | Muslims, Islam split into two factions, conflict continues today between these groups |
| The Ottomans | by the 1400s, they had grown in power in Anatolia and had begun attempts to take Constantinople |
| Istanbul | in 1453 the Ottomans finally conquered the Byzantine capital and renamed it Istanbul |
| Ottoman Empire | major strengths much like the Rome before it, lay in its ability to unite widely disparate people through religious tolerance, this tolerance which stemmed from the idea that Muslims, Christians and Jews were fundamentally related and could coexist, enabl |
| Sultan | government centered in a monarch |
| Renaissance | literally means “rebirth,” after the Dark Ages and the Black Plague interest rose again in the beliefs and politics of ancient Greece and Rome, art literature, music, science, and philosophy all burgeoned during this time, many ideas began in Florence, It |
| Realism | as the Renaissance progressed, the world was presented through art and literature in a realistic way that had never been explored before |
| Renaissance Artists | included Leonardo da Vinci also an inventor, Michelangelo also an architect and others who focused on realism in their work |
| Renaissance Literature | major contributions came from humanist authors like Petrarch, Sir Thomas More, and Boccaccio, Shakespeare, Cervantes and Dante followed in their footsteps and their works found a wide audience thanks to Gutenberg |
| Boccaccio | who believed man should focus on reality rather than on the eternal |
| Gutenberg | developed the printing press |
| Scientific Developments of the Renaissance | included the work of Copernicus, Galileo and Kepler, who challenged the geocentric philosophies of the day by proving that the earth was not the center of the solar system |
| Reformation | consisted of both the Protestant and the Catholic Reformation, some reformation provided wider tolerance of different religious viewpoints, but others actually increased the persecution of those deemed to be heretics |
| The Protestant Reformation | rose in Germany when Martin Luther protested abuses of the Catholic Church, the ideas of this reformation was to remove power from the Catholic Church |
| John Calvin | led the movement in Switzerland |
| King Henry VIII | in England, made use of the Reformation ideas to further his own political goals |
| Catholic Reformation/Counter-Reformation | occurred in response to the Protestant movement, leading to various changed in the Catholic Church |
| Religious Standpoint | the Reformation occurred due to abuses by the Catholic Church such as indulgences and dispensations |
| Indulgences/Dispensations | religious offices being offered up for sale, and an increasingly dissolute clergy |
| Political Standpoint | the Reformation was driven by increased power of various ruling monarchs who wished to take all power to themselves rather than allowing power to remain with the church |
| Scientific Revolution | astronomers and other scientists began to amass evidence that challenged the church’s scientific doctrines |
| Nicolaus Copernicus | wrote “On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres” arguing that the earth revolved around the sun |
| Tycho Brahe | catalogued astronomical observations |
| Johannes Kepler | developed laws of planetary motion |
| Galileo Galilei | defended the heliocentric theories of Copernicus and Kepler, discovered four moons of Jupiter and died under house arrest by the church, charged with heresy |
| Isaac Newton | discovered gravity, studied optics, calculus and physics and believed the workings of nature could be studied and proven through observation |
| The Enlightenment | philosophers and scientists began to rely more and more on observation to support their ideas rather than building on past beliefs, particularly those held by the church |
| Ethics/Logic | this is what scientist and philosophers focus on that drove their work |
| Rene Descartes | he famously wrote “I think, therefore I am” he believed strongly in logic and rules of observations |
| David Hume | he pioneered empiricism and skepticism, believing that truth could only be found through direct experience and that what others said to be true was always suspect |
| Immanuel Kant | he believed in self-examination and observation and that the root of morality lay within human beings |
| Jean-Jacques Rousseau | he developed the idea of the social contract, that the government existed by the agreement of the people and that the government was obligated to protect the people and their basic rights, his ideas influenced John Locke and Thomas Jefferson |
| American Revolution | the British colonies had been left mostly to self-govern until the British monarchs began to increase control, spurring the colonies to revolt, produced a working republic from the beginning |
| French Revolution | the nobility’s excesses had led to increasingly difficult economic conditions, with inflation, heavy taxation and food shortages creating great burdens on the lower classes, eventually leading to the rise of the dictator Napoleon Bonaparte |
| King Louis XVI | in 1789, faced with a huge national debt, convened parliament, the Third Estate then claimed power and the king’s resistance led to the storming of the Bastille |
| The Third Estate | or commons, a division if the French Parliament |
| Bastille | the royal prison |
| French Resistance | the people established a constitutional monarchy |
| King Louis XVI and Marie Antoinette execution | when they attempted to leave the country they were executed on the guillotine |
| Robespierre | along with the Jacobins instituted a Reign of Terror, |
| Jacobins | extreme radicals |
| Reign of Terror | from 1793 to 1794, executing tens of thousands of nobles as well as anyone considered an enemy of the Revolution |
| Napoleon Bonaparte rise to Power | Robespierre was then executed, as well and the DIrectory came into power, leading to a temporary return to bourgeois values, this governing body proved incompetent and corrupt, allowing Napoleon to come to power in 1799 first as a dictator then as empero |
| The Industrial Revolution | began in Great Britain in the 18th century, bringing coal-and-steam-powered machinery into widespread use, industry began a period of rapid growth with these development |
| Factories | Goods that had previously been produced in small workshops or even in homes were produced more efficiently and in much larger quantities |
| Industrial Change | where society had been largely agrarian-based the focus swiftly shifted to industrial |
| Electricity & Internal combustion engines | replaced coal and steam as energy sources, even more drastic and rapid changes occurred |
| Great Britain Colonialism | taking control of portions of Africa and Asia to ensure access to the raw materials needed to produce factory goods |
| Industrial Revolution effects | specialized labor became very much in demand, and businesses grew rapidly, creating monopolies, increasing world trade and developing large urban centers |
| Second Agricultural Revolution | the Industrial Revolution led to this, with addition of new technology to advance agricultural production |
| First Phase of the Industrial Revolution | took place from roughly 1750 to 1830, the textile industry experienced major changes as more and more elements of the process became mechanized, mining benefited from the steam engine, transportation became easier and more widely available as waterways we |
| Second Phase of the Industrial Revolution | from 1830 to 1910, industries further improved in efficiency and new industries were introduced as photography, various chemical processes, and electricity became more widely available to produce new goods or new improved versions of old goods, petroleum |
| Economically Standpoint on the Industrial Revolution | conflicts arose between companies and their employees as struggles for fair treatment and fair wages increased |
| Unions | gained power and became more active |
| Government Regulations | over industries increased but at the same time, growing businesses fought for the right to free enterprise |
| Social Sphere | populations increased and began to concentrate around centers of industries |
| Czars | leader of Russia |
| Russo-Japanese War | 1904-1905, made conditions much worse for the lower classes, when peasants demonstrated outside the Czar’s Winter Palace, the palace guard fires upon the crowd, the demonstration had been organized by a trade union leader and after the violent response, m |
| October Manifesto | signed by Czar Nicholas II, which established a constitutional monarchy and gave legislative power to Parliament, which had given some political power and civil rights to the people finally came to a head |
| Bolshevik Revolution | Czar Nicholas II violated the Manifesto shortly after signing it, disbanding parliament and ignoring the civil liberties granted by the Manifesto, this led to the Bolshevik Revolution, increasing poverty, decreasing supplies, the Czars repeated losses in |
| Russia’s weaknesses | had lagged behind other countries in development, the continued existence of a feudal system, combined with harsh conditions and the overall size of the country, led to massive food shortages and increasingly harsh conditions for the majority of the popul |
| A Workers’ Strike in Petrograd | in 1917 set the revolutionary wheels in motion when the army sided with the workers |
| Soviets | workers and military joined to form their own governmental system which consisted of local councils elected by the people |
| Russians that came into power | Vladimir Lenin, Joseph Stalin and Leon Trotsky |
| Nationalism | is a strong belief in, identification with, and allegiance to a particular nation and people |
| Nationalistic Belief | unified various areas that had previously seen themselves as fragmented, which led to patriotism and in some cases imperialism, as nationalism grew, individual nations sought to grow bringing in other, smaller states that shared similar characteristics su |
| Imperialistic Africa | was eventually divided among several European countries that wanted the raw materials |
| Imperialistic Asia | also came under European control, with the exception of China, Japan, Siam (now Thailand) |
| Archduke Franz Ferdinand | WW1 began in 1914 with the assassination of Ferdinand, heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary, by a Serbian national, this led to a conflict between Austria and Serbia that quickly escalated into the First World War |
| Allies | Britain, France, and Russia, later Italy, Japan, and the US |
| Central Powers | Austria-Hungary, Germany, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria |
| Trenches | fighting during WW1 largely took place in a series of trenches, built along the Eastern and Western fronts, these trenches added up to more than 24,000, this produced fronts that stretched over 400 miles from the coast of Belgium to the border if Switzerl |
| Communism | works toward revolution by drawing on what it sees to be inevitable class antagonism, eventually overthrowing the upper classes and the systems of capitalism |
| Socialism | makes use of democratic procedures, building on the existing order, this was particularly true of the utopian socialists who saw industrial capitalism as oppressive, not allowing workers to prosper |
| Democratic Socialism | After WW2, this became more common |
| Capitalism after the World Wars | took a stronger hold again, and today most industrialized countries in the Western world function under an economy that mixes elements of capitalism and socialism |
| Germany and the Great Depression | the Great Depression had a particularly devastating effect on Germany’s economy after the US was no longer able to supply reconstruction loans to help the country regain its footing, with unemployment rising rapidly, dissatisfaction with the government g |
| Adolf Hitler | led the fascist Nazi Party, eventually gained power in Parliament based on these promises and the votes of desperate German workers, when he became Chancellor, he launched numerous expansionist policies, violating the peace treaties that had ended WW1, h |
| Blitzkrieg | or “lightning war” consisted of fast, powerful surprise attacks that disrupted communications, made it difficult if not impossible for the victims to retaliate and demoralized Germany’s foes |
| Blitz | or the aerial bombing of England in 1940, with bombings occurring in London and other cities 57 nights in a row |
| The Battle of Britain | in 1940, also brought intense raids by Germany’s air force, eventually Britain's Royal Air Force blocked the Luftwaffe, ending Germany’s hopes for conquering Britain |
| Luftwaffe | mostly targeting ports and British air force bases, German Air Force |
| Battle of the Bulge | or “Battle for the Ardennes,” in December of 1944, Hitler launched a counteroffensive, attempting to retake Antwerp, an important port, the ensuing battle became the largest land battle on the war’s Western Front, the battle lasted from December 16th, 194 |
| D-Day Invasion | Allied forces gained considerable ground and began a major campaign to push through Europe |
| Jews | with distrust of the Jewish people already ingrained, it was easy for German authorities to set up the Jews as scapegoats for Germany’s problems |
| The Final Solution | under the rule of Hitler and the Nazi party, for the supposed Jewish problem was devised, millions of Jews as well as Gypsies, homosexuals, communists, Catholics, the mentally ill, and others simply named as criminals were transported to concentration cam |
| Auschwitz | at least six million were slaughtered in death camps like this one, where horrible conditions and torture of prisoners were commonplace |
| The Holocaust | resulted in massive loss of human life, but also in the loss of destruction of cultures, because the genocide focused on specific ethnic groups, many traditions, histories, knowledge and other cultural elements were lost |
| Genocide | after WW2, the UN recognized genocide as a crime against humanity |
| Universal Declaration of Human Rights | the UN passed in 1948, in order to further specify what rights the organization protected |
| Nuremberg Trials | Nazi war criminals faced justice during these trials, there individuals rather their governments, were held accountable for war crimes |
| End of WW2 | with millions of military and civilians deaths and over 12 million persons displaced, left large regions of Europe and Asia in disarray, communist governments moved in with promises of renewed prosperity and economic stability, the Soviet Union backed com |
| Mao Zedong | in China led communist forces in the overthrow of the Chinese Nationalist Party and instituted a communist government in 1949 |
| New Communist Government | restored a measure of stability to much of Eastern Europe, it brought its own problems, with dictatorial governments and an oppressive police force |
| Spread of Communism | also led to several years of tension between communist countries and the democratic west, as the west fought to slow the spread of oppressive regimes throughout the world |
| The Cold War | both sides in possession of nuclear weapons, tensions rose, each side feared the other would resort to nuclear attack, this standoff lasted until 1989, when the Berlin Wall fell, the Soviet Union was dissolved two years later |
| The United Nations | came into being toward the end of WW2, a successor to the less-than-successful League of Nations after WW1, the UN built and improved on those ideas, since its inception, the UN has worked to bring the countries of the world together for diplomatic soluti |
| The Korean War and The UN | was the first example of UN involvement in an international conflict |
| India & Pakistan | became independent of Britain in 1947, and numerous African and Asian colonies declared independence as well |
| Decolonization | this period of time lasted into the 1960s, some colonies moved successfully into independence but many, especially Africa and Asia struggled to create stable government and economies and suffered from ethnic and religious conflicts |
| What led to the Korean War | in 1910, Japan annexed Korea and maintained this control until 1945, after WW2, Soviet and US troops occupied Korea with the Soviet Union controlling North Korea and the US controlling South Korea, the UN ordered elections in Korea to unify the country bu |
| North Korea Invasion | in 1950, the US withdrew troops and the North Korean troops moved to invade South Korea |
| The Korean War | was the first was in which the UN or any international organization played a major role, the US, Australia, Canada, France, Netherlands, Great Britain, Turkey, China, USSR and other countries sent troops at various times, for both sides, throughout the wa |
| The Vietnam War | began with the First Indochina War, Vietnam was divided into North and South, much like Korea, communist forces controlled the North and the South was controlled by South Vietnamese forces, supported by the US, conflict ensued leading to another war, US t |
| End of the Vietnam War | in 1975, South Vietnam surrendered and Vietnam became the Socialist Republic of Vietnam |
| First Indochina War | from 1946-1954, in which France battled with the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, ruled by Ho Chi Minh |
| Globalism | is based in the idea that all people and all nations are interdependent, each nation is dependent on one or more other nations for production of and markets for goods, and for income generation, in the modern era, globalism has emerged as a popular polit |
| International Travel and Communication | including technological advances such as the airplane has heightened this sense of interdependence |
| The Global Economy | and the general idea of globalism, has shaped many economic and political choices since the beginning of the 20th century |
| Nonrenewable Resources | a factor contributing to globalism, countries worldwide often seek the same resources, leading to high demand particularly for nonrenewable resources, this can result in heavy fluctuations in price, an example would be petroleum products |
| The Internet | a major factor contributing to globalism over the past few decades, by allowing instantaneous communication with anyone nearly anywhere on the globe |
| Middle Eastern Countries | has ease of access to Europe and Asia, and its preponderance of oil deposits, becomes crucial in many international issues, both diplomatic and economic, has been a hotbed for violence since before the beginning of recorded history, |
| Middle East Conflicts | over land,resources and religious and political power continued in the area today, spurred by conflict over control of the areas’ vast oil fields as well as over territories that have been disputed for thousands of years |
| Armenian Genocide | from 1914 to 1918, the Young Turks, heirs to the Ottoman Empire, slaughtered between 800,000 and 1.5 million Armenians, this constituted approximately half of the Armenian population at the time |
| Russian Purges under Stalin | scholars have attributed deaths between 3 and 60 million, both directly and indirectly to the policies and edicts of Joseph Stalin’s regime, the deaths took place from 1921 to 1953, when Stalin died, in recent years many scholars have settled on a number |
| Rwandan Genocide | in 1994, hundreds if thousands of Tutsi, as well as Hutu who sympathized with them, were slaughtered during the Rwandan Civil War, the UN did not act or authorize intervention during these atrocities |
Created by:
Mr. Rafferty