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VM602 Q2/Final IMAG
VM602 Q2/Final IMAGING
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the piezoelectric effect in ultrasound imaging and how does it allow sound waves to form from electrical energy? | Electrical energy applied to piezoelectric crystals is converted into mechanical energy as sound waves. |
| How is echogenicity defined in ultrasound and what does it describe about a tissue? | It describes a tissue’s ability to produce echoes or reflect sound waves. |
| When a structure is hyperechoic, what does it look like and what does that indicate? | It appears bright and reflects more sound than surrounding tissues. |
| What term describes a tissue that appears darker because it reflects fewer echoes than surrounding structures? | Hypoechoic. |
| What does it mean when an area is anechoic on ultrasound, and what kind of structure typically appears this way? | It’s completely black, meaning it produces no echoes; fluid-filled structures like the bladder. |
| What term describes tissues with the same echogenicity compared to each other? | Isoechoic. |
| What is the frequency range of ultrasound compared to human hearing? | Ultrasound operates at 2–12 MHz, while human hearing is 20–20,000 Hz. |
| How does frequency influence image depth and resolution in ultrasound imaging? | Higher frequency improves resolution but decreases penetration; lower frequency penetrates deeper but reduces detail. |
| When scanning tendons or ligaments, what frequency is typically used and why? | High frequency, because it provides better detail for superficial structures. |
| What is amplitude in ultrasound and how does it relate to image brightness? | Amplitude is the magnitude of returning echoes, determining echogenicity or brightness. |
| What physical property of tissues determines how much ultrasound is reflected or transmitted? | Acoustic impedance. |
| How does a large difference in acoustic impedance between tissues affect ultrasound reflection? | It causes greater reflection and stronger echoes. |
| Which tissue interface causes the highest reflection of ultrasound waves? | Soft tissue to gas (~99% reflection). |
| How does the difference between soft tissue and fluid in acoustic impedance affect ultrasound imaging? | It produces very low reflection (~0.2%), so fluid appears anechoic. |
| Why does bone appear bright white and cast shadows on ultrasound images? | Because of its high acoustic impedance and strong reflection. |
| What are the two primary imaging planes used in equine musculoskeletal ultrasound? | Short axis (transverse view) and long axis (longitudinal view). |
| In a short-axis ultrasound image, what does the top and bottom of the screen represent? | Top = superficial, Bottom = deep. |
| How do you determine medial and lateral orientation on a short-axis image? | By the probe light marker, which correlates to the screen icon. |
| In a long-axis ultrasound image, which direction does the probe light face? | Always proximal. |
| Which major musculoskeletal structures can be identified in the equine metacarpal region on ultrasound? | Superficial digital flexor tendon, deep digital flexor tendon, distal check ligament, suspensory ligament, and common/long digital extensor. |
| When evaluating a tendon or ligament, what are the three criteria used to describe abnormalities? | Cross-sectional area, echogenicity, and fiber pattern. |
| What does an increased cross-sectional area of a tendon suggest on ultrasound? | Swelling or lesion due to inflammation or injury. |
| How is echogenicity used to assess tendon or ligament pathology? | Decreased echogenicity (darker areas) suggests fluid, hemorrhage, or tissue damage. |
| What does a disrupted linear fiber pattern indicate in a tendon or ligament? | Loss of normal collagen alignment due to injury. |
| What are the first changes seen on ultrasound in tendon fiber tearing and hemorrhage? | Anechoic to hypoechoic areas with no visible linear echoes. |
| During the granulation tissue phase of tendon healing, how does the ultrasound appearance change? | It becomes densely hypoechoic with amorphous echoes. |
| How do immature fibroblasts appear in healing tissue compared to mature fibroblasts? | Immature: short linear echoes; Mature: longer, more organized linear echoes. |
| What does a hyperechoic area within a tendon or ligament typically represent in the later healing stages? | Scar tissue or mineralization. |
| Why is understanding echogenicity, cross-sectional area, and fiber alignment essential in musculoskeletal ultrasound interpretation? | They help determine the extent, phase, and prognosis of tendon or ligament injury. |
Created by:
Hoofin'it