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Clin Sci 4
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epididymis job | Mature the sperm for 2months |
| Leydig cells | Make testosterone |
| Sertoli cells | Provide nutrients for sperm |
| Rate testes | Send sperm to epididymis over 5-14d |
| Seminal vesicles | Provide energy to sperm |
| How long to move sperm through seminiferous tubules | 74 days |
| Vas deferens | Sperm travel through here |
| Ejaculatory duct | Where the vas deferens meet with the seminal vesicle duct in the prostatic urethra |
| Mitosis | A process of cell duplication, or reproduction, during which one cell gives rise to two genetically identical daughter cells |
| Meiosis | A process of cell division to produce gametes (eggs and sperm). Occurs twice to produce four gametes |
| Sperm and egg have how many chromosomes | 23 |
| Diploid | A cell with 2 sets of chromosomes |
| Haploid | A cell with a single set of chromosomes |
| Sertoli cells | Provide protection and nourishment to sperm |
| Leydig cells | Produce testosterone |
| Spermatogenesis | Creation of sperm |
| Age that spermatogenesis begins | 13 |
| Where spermatogenesis happens | Seminiferous tubules |
| LH | secreted by the anterior pituitary gland |
| LH signals | Leydig cells to make testosterone |
| FSH | secreted by the anterior pituitary gland |
| FSH signals | Sertoli cells that support spermatogenesis |
| Estrogen | Formed by Sertoli cells from testosterone |
| Growth hormone | Promotes early division of spermatogonia |
| Penile erection influenced by | Parasympathetic nervous system |
| Ejaculation (shoot) influenced by | Sympathetic nervous system |
| Testosterone is made by | Steroid-cholesterol |
| Free testosterone is bound loosely to | Albumin |
| Male infertility can be | pre-testicular, testicular, or post testicular |
| What is happening in ovary affect | the uterus |
| Oogenesis | the transformation of the oocyte into the mature ovum |
| Primordial germ cells become | oogonia in ovarian cortex |
| Oocyte + granulosa cells | Primordial follicle |
| Mitosis for oogonia happens | when that woman is an embryo |
| Meiosis 1 occurs | 5th month of that woman's development |
| Meiosis 1 stops (arrests) until | puberty (10-14) |
| Meiosis 2 happens during | puberty (10-14) |
| Meiosis 2 pauses and picks back up after | fertilization |
| GnRH release from hypothalamus | pulsatile |
| FSH and LH release from | anterior pituitary |
| Ovarian hormone release in response to FSH and LH | Estrogen and Progesterone |
| Steroidogenesis | Progesterone formation and occurs in the ovarian follicles and corpus luteum |
| Inhibin is made in females by | Granulosa cells |
| Inhibin job | inhibit FSH secretion |
| Activin is made in females by | Granulosa cells |
| Activin job | stimulates FSH secretion |
| Follicular phase | day 0-14 |
| Ovulation | day 14 |
| Luteal phase | day 14-28 |
| Immunosescence | refers to age-related deterioration of responsiveness of immune system to infxn |
| Inflaming | Increased levels of proinflammation cytokines such as interleukin 6+ tumor necrosis factor |
| Resilience | The rapidity and completeness with which an individual recover from a stressor |
| Type of genome for Parvovirus | Single stranded DNA |
| Parvovirus B19 causes | Fifths |
| Human parvovirus B19 attacks | Erythroid progenitor cells |
| B19 is associated with | Fifths, transient aplastic crisis, pure red cell aplasia, hydrops fetalis |
| Adenovirus genome | Non-enveloped DNA |
| Adenovirus can cause | Respiratory infections, severe eye infections (keratoconjunctivitis), gastroenteritis, severe disseminated disease in immunocompromised |
| Herpesvirus genome | Double stranded DNA |
| Diseases in the Herpes family | CMV, EBV, HHV 6, 7, 8, HSV 1 or 2, VZV |
| Herpes viruses can cause | Gingivostomatitis, keratoconjunctivitis, encephalitis, genital disease, infections in newborns |
| HSV causes | lifelong latent infections and recurrences are common |
| HSV 1 | oral herpes |
| HSV 2 | genital herpes |
| Varicella zoster causes | chicken pox |
| VZV lies dormant in | dorsal root ganglion |
| CMV can cause | developmental defects and mental retardation |
| When may CMV be asymptomatic | childhood |
| Who are at risk for reactivated CMV | Organ transplant patients |
| EBV causes | Mono |
| EBV is associated with | Latent infections in B lymphocytes and associated with several cancers including Burkitt lymphoma |
| Molluscum contagiosum spreads by | direct and indirect contact |
| Hep A transmitted by | fecal oral route |
| Hep A long term or acute | Acute |
| Hep B transmitted by | Parenteral transmission |
| Hep B long term or acute | Long term |
| Hep B causes increase risk of | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Hep C transmitted by | Parenteral transmission |
| Hep C long term or acute | Long term |
| Hep C causes increase risk of | Hepatocellular carcinoma |
| Hep D is reliant on | Hep B |
| Hep D transmitted by | Parenteral transmission |
| Hep D long term or acute | Long term |
| Hep E transmitted by | fecal oral route |
| Hep E long term or acute | Acute |
| Picornaviruses | Enterovirus, rhinovirus, polio, coxsackie |
| Enterovirus spread by | Fecal contamination |
| Rhinovirus spread by | Respiratory secretions |
| Influenza | Sudden-onset headache, shaking chill, sore throat, cough, and myalgias |
| Parainfluenza causes | Croup |
| Respiratory syncytial virus causes | Bronchiolitis |
| Human metapneumovirus causes | Common cold, bronchiolitis, or pneumonia |
| Typical common cold is caused by | Rhinovirus |
| Adenovirus causes | Pharyngitis, pneumonia, and conjunctivitis |
| Norovirus causes | Watery diarrhea |
| Rotavirus causes | Watery diarrhea, especially in infants |
| Which stomach virus now has a vaccine | Rotavirus |
| Poliovirus causes | Paralysis due to death of motor neurons, affects respiratory drive |
| Coxsackie virus can cause | Hand foot and mouth, meningitis, or myocarditis |
| Myocarditis symptoms | Congestive heart failure |
| Echovirus can cause | Meningitis |
| What viruses can cross the placenta | CMV, Parvovirus B19, Rubella, Zika |
| What viruses can cross at time of birth | Hep B, Hep C, HSV-2, HIV, Human papillomavirus |
| What viruses can cross during breast feeding | CMV and T-cel lymphotropic virus |
| HIV virus classification | T-cell lymphotropic retrovirus |
| Impact of HIV | infects and kills helper CD4 loosing cell-mediated immunity |
| Main site of ongoing HIV infection | Lymphoid tissue |
| HIV transmits via | sexual contact, infected blood, mother to baby (placenta, birth, breastmilk) |
| Characteristic manifestations of AIDS | pneumocystic pneumonia or kaposi sacroma |
| Common HIV associated cancers | Non-Hodgkins B-cell lymphoma caused by EBV or Kaposi sarcoma caused by HHV9 |
| Two microorganisms are responsible for most skin infections in immunocompetent patents | Beta-hemolytic strep and Staph aureus |
| Purulent soft tissue infections | Folliculitis, furuncle, abscess |
| Nonpurulent soft tissue infections | Erysipelas, cellulitis, necrotizing fasciitis |
| Impetigo is found where in the skin | Epidermis |
| Erysipelas is found where in the skin | dermis |
| Cellulitis is found where in the skin | dermis into Sub Q fat |
| Folliculitis is found where in the skin | Epidermis around hair follicles |
| Necrotizing fasciitis is found where in the skin | Fascia |
| MRSA classification | Gram positive cocci |
| Healthcare-associated MRSA | occurs >48 h following hospitalization (or being in the hospital) |
| Community associated MRSA | occurs in the absence of health care exposure |
| Healthcare associated MRSA transmits via | contaminated hands of health care workers and contaminated surfaces |
| Community associated MRSA transmits via | direct contact with colonized/infected individual or contaminated fomites (objects that have it) |
| RF for healthcare associated MRSA | Having surgical wound or IV line, hospitalized for prolonged time, recent abx use, having weakened immune system, being close to someone w MRSA |
| RF for community acquired MRSA | skin trauma, athlete, shave or wax, tattoos or piercing, contact w someone w draining cut or carrier of MRSA, share personal item |
| Treatment mild MRSA | #1 Bactrim or Clindamycin, #2 Doxy |
| Make sure MRSA rx covers | Group A strep |
| Colonization | reservoir for transmission |
| Colonization occurs from | Contact w contaminated wounds or dressings, contact w others colonized skin, contact w contaminated inanimate objects, inhalation of aerosolized droplets from infected nares |
| Most common site of colonization | anterior nares |
| Tetanus | gram positive, spire-forming rod, anaerobe |
| Tetanus bug | Clostridium tentani |
| Transmission of tetanus due to | puncture wounds or lacerations |
| Spores of tetani germinate in | anaerobic conditions |
| Tetanus produces which exotoxin | Tatanospasin |
| Tetanospasmin pathophys | Degrades a protein needed for the docking of neurotransmitter that normally inhibit firing of motor neurons |
| Tetanospasmin causes | masseter muscle trismus, generalized muscle spasm, diaphragm spasm, autonomic dysfunction |
| Most important step in tetanus rx | wound debridement to get rid of spires and necrotic tissue |
| Tetanus does not | confer immunity following recover from acute infection |
| Diphtheria bug | Corynebacterium diphtheriae |
| Corynebacterium diphtheriae | gram positive bacillus |
| Diphtheria exotoxin pathophys | localized infection of the respiratory tract or skin and possible systemic effects, causes cell death |
| Hallmark sign of diphtheria | Gray pseudomembrane, sore throat, malaise, lymphadenopathy, fever |
| Treatment for diphtheria | Azithromycin or penicillin, vaccinate |
| ASO titers peak | 3-5w after group A strep infection |
| ABD titers peak | 6-8w after group A strep infection |
| Antistreptolysin O | ASO |
| Antideoxyribnuclease B | ABD |
| Major criteria of acute rheumatic fever | Carditis, arthritis, cholera, subcutaneous nodules, erythema margiatum |
| Minor criteria of acute rheumatic fever | fever, arthralgia, elevated ESR and CRP, prolonged PR interval on ECG |
| Jones criteria is for | acute rheumatic fever |
| Jones criteria | two major or one major and two minor |
| Rheumatic heart disease | most common and severe sequela of acute rheumatic fever |
| Most common finding of rheumatic heart disease | mitral regurg |
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis | Intracellular aerobic acid fast bacilli that grows slowly |
| Why TB does not stain with gram stain | cell wall has lots of mycolic acid |
| How to stain TB | Ziehl-Neelsen |
| Acid fast | refers to the ability of the cel wall components to resist the decolorization w acid-alcohol |
| TB lipid wall | allows the bacterium to resist drying and disinfectants |
| Transmission of TB | inhales airborne droplets |
| Chance for TB is increased in | closed, crowed conditions |
| Single cough has how many TB droplets | 3000 droplets |
| Which carries more TB droplets cough or sneeze | sneeze |
| Hallmark lesion of TB | Caseating granulomas |
| TB macrophages make | IL-1 and TNF |
| IL-1 cause | fever |
| TNF cause | weight loss |
| Three most common causes of bacterial diarrhea | Salmonella, shigella, campylobacter |
| Other potential causes of bacterial diarrhea | E coli, Vibrio parahaemolytics, yersinia enterolitica |
| Salmonellosis includes serotypes | Salmonella enterica, non-typhoidal salmonella, septicemic type |
| Salmonella enterica causes | Typhoid fever |
| on-typhoidal salmonella serotypes causes | Acute enterocolitis |
| Septicemic type of salmonellosis causes | Bacteremia and focal lesions |
| Acute somonellosis enterocolitis | Large ruffles that surround bacteria causing diarrhea that may be bloody |
| Shigellosis infects the | colon |
| Shigellosis diarrhea | Bloody and mucus |
| Most common precipitant of Guillain Barre | Campylobacter jejuni |
| C diff toxins | Toxin A and B |
| Antibiotics that may be associated with C diff | Fluoroquinolones, Clindamycin, Broad spectrum penicillin, Cephalosporins |
| Vibrio cholerae grow where | water and shellfish |
| Avoid antibiotics in | Salmonella, Shigella, and Campylobacter diarrhea |
| Chlamydia bug | obligate intracellular - does not staini |
| Treponema pallidum bug | spirochete not easily stained because so small and thin |
| Epitrochlear nodes suggest the diagnosis of | Syphilis |
| Most common insect-borne disease in the US | Lyme |
| Where we seen lyme | Northeast and mid-Atlantic region, Midwest, less commonly in Far West |
| in order to transfer Borrelia Burgdorferi | Deer tick must be attached at least 24 hours |
| Rickettsia rickettsii bug | gram-negative obligate intracellular- dos not stain |
| RMSF transmits via | dog tick, D variablis, and wood tick |
| Where we see RMSF | southeastern and south-central US, some in midwest |
| Bartonella henselae bug | gram negative bacillus that poorly stains |
| Preferred stain for bartonella | silver stain |
| Characteristic of Bartonella | Single enlarged, warm, painful LN |
| Most common lymph node affected by bartonella | Axillary node |
| Clostridium botulinum bug | Gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic rods, found i soil |
| Forms of botulism | Foodborne, infant, wound, adult |
| Foodborne botulism | ingestion of food contaminated by neurotoxin produced by botulinum |
| Infant botulism | ingestion of food contaminated by C. botulinum which in turn produces toxin |
| Wound botulism | C. botulinum contaminates on open wound |
| Botulism pathophys | neurotoxin inhibits acetylcholine release |
| Botulism does | not cause AMS, sensory changes, or fever |
Created by:
kendallmk