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Bio 130 Midterm 1
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| null hypothesis | assume there is no effect from variable or experiment "innocent until proven guilty" |
| alternative hypothesis | contradicts the null hypothesis |
| independent variable | what you change |
| dependent variable | what you measure |
| p value | probability of obtaining your results by random chance, assuming the null hypothesis is right p > 0.05 fails to reject null p < 0.05 reject null (you were right) |
| correlation | observing/measuring things that already occurred no dependent or independent variables, one does not depend on the other --> no manipulation, just observation |
| causation | one variable depends on the other --> manipulate something, control others |
| covalent bonds | electrons are shared (unpaired) nonmetal to nonmetal |
| ionic bonds | chemical bond between ions with different charges (Na+Cl-) metal and nonmetal |
| polarity of ONSCHP | O>N>S=C=H=P |
| hydrogen bonds | dipole dipole bonds between H+ and partially negative atom this is what gives water high specific heat, adhesion, high surface tension, etc |
| water has _____ ______ bonds | polar covalent |
| hydrophilic | attracted to water, polar |
| hydrophobic | nonpolar, repelled of water |
| polar | separation of electric charge if you see a charge, it's polar |
| nonpolar | neutral, symmetrical atoms, share electrons equally |
| polar molecules ______ in water (example: salt _______ in water) | dissolve |
| nonpolar molecules ______ from water (ex: oil ______ from water) | seperates |
| amphipathic | hydrophobic nonpolar tails and hydrophilic polar heads ex: dish soap, can work with both |
| polysaccharides (3 kinds) | glucose, starch, glycogen |
| polysaccharides monomers | monosaccharides, disaccharides |
| polysaccharides functions | starch: energy storage in plants cellulose: cell wall in plants glycogen: energy storage (animals) |
| proteins are made from _____ _____ and they are _______ | amino acids machines |
| nucleic acids are made from _______ and they ____ _______ | nucleotides, store information |
| lipids (3 kinds) | fat, cholesterol, phospholipids |
| lipids are made from | fatty chains of carbon and hydrogen |
| lipids function | energy storage insulation cell membrane |
| saturated fats | straight chains solid at room temp ex: butter |
| unsaturated fats | bent chains liquid at room temp ex: olive oil most healthy |
| trans fats | more straight, like saturated fats solid/semi solid at room temp fried food, most unhealthy |
| anabolism | building up |
| catabolism | breaking down |
| condensation | monomer in, water out building - anabolism |
| hydrolosis | monomer out, water in breaking down - catabolism |
| endergonic | requires energy, nonspontaneous, UPHILL going uphill is never ENDing |
| exergonic | releases energy, spontaneous, DOWNHILL you kick your EX downhill |
| entrophy | S - of DISORDER more chaotic (more molecules) = more entrophy + less chaotic = less entrophy - doja cat is chaotic |
| enthalphy | H - measure of heat if bonds being formed are lower energy/more stable than bonds being broken --> (-) |
| delta G | change in free energy |
| delta S | change in entrophy (disorder) |
| delta H | change in enthalpy (heat/energy) |
| activation barrier | min amount of energy that reactants must pocess to initiate a chemical reaction, hurdle |
| O2, CO2, N2 | small, nonpolar --> go in lipid bilayer fast and easy |
| H2O, glycerol | small + uncharged polar --> go in a little slow |
| glucose, sucrose | large + uncharged polar --> go in slow or not at all |
| Cl-, K+, Na+ | ions (charged) --> cant go through phospholipid bilayer |
| solute | substance being dissolved (the utes are being dissolved by BYU fans) |
| solvent | the substance doing the dissolving (water is the solvent) |
| osmosis | movement of water across a membrane |
| hypertonic solution | high amount of solutes cell placed in this solution will shrivel/shrink, because water rushes out to the high concentration |
| hypotonic solution | lower amount of solutes cell will swell because water is rushing in because of the low concentration outside |
| fluid mosaic model | cell membrane globular proteins move laterally within membrane, not rigid (proteins have polar and nonpolar parts too) |
| active transport | low to high |
| primary active transport | use ATP to pump up against current |
| secondary active transport | use other way of energy (energy released form other reaction) to pump up cell gradient |
| passive transport | high to low |
| passive transport: simple diffusion | solute travels through gradient without help |
| passive transport: facilitated diffusion | requires membrane channel/protein carrier |
| prokaryotic cell | "before nucleus" no nucleus primitive cytoskeleton cell wall + plasma membrane smaller bacteria/archaea |
| eukaryotic cell | has nucleus cell wall or cell membrane sophisticated cytoskeleton larger animals/plants/fungi/protists |
| nucleus | info storage and transmission |
| ribosomes | protein synthesis |
| rough ER | protein synthesis and processing |
| smooth ER | lipid synthesis and processing |
| Golgi Appartus | protein, lipid and carb processing |
| lysosomes | digestion and recycling |
| vacuoles | storage, digestion, and recylcing |
| peroxisomes | detoxifying possible dangers |
| mitochondria | ATP production |
| chloroplasts | photosynthesis site, production of sugars |
| cytoskeleton | structural support |
| plasma membrane | selectively permeable |
| cell wall | protection/.support |
| viruses simple don't have _______ ________- genetic material packaged in a protein coat | simple don't have ribosomes capsid - genetic material packaged in a protein coat |
| enveloped viruses non-enveloped vs naked viruses | lipid bilayer membrane no lipid bilayer membrane |
| photosynthesis reactants | carbon dioxide, water, sunlight |
| photosynthesis products | glucose (C6H12O6) and oxygen |
| cellular respiration reactants | glucose, oxygen |
| cellular respiration products | water, CO2, ATP |
| photosynthesis happens in | the chloroplast, for autotrophs (organisms that make their own food) |
| cellular respiration happens in | the cytoplasm and then mostly the mitochondria |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light Dependent Reactions Photosystem 1 - absorbs _______, which excites _________ splits _______into ________to replace the excited ones, ___ and _______, which is released happens in ________ | Photosystem 1 - absorbs light, which excites electrons splits water into electrons to replace the excited ones, H+ and oxygen, which is released in Thylakoid |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light Dependent Reactions electron transport chain (ETC) - _______ electrons move along _______, pumps ___ into lumen. H+ ions flow back through _______________(enzyme) and this forms _____ | electron transport chain (ETC) - excited electrons move along proteins, pumps H+ into lumen. H+ ions flow back through ATP synthase (enzyme) and this forms ATP |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light Dependent Reactions Photosystem 1 - absorbs more ______, excites ________again, reduces _______ to ________ | Photosystem 1 - absorbs more light, excites electrons again, reduces NADP+ to NADPH |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light Independent Reactions/Calvin Cycle carbon fixation - enzyme _________attaches to a ____-carbon sugar In ______(fluid) | carbon fixation - enzyme RuBisCO attaches to a 5-carbon sugar in stroma |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light Independent Reactions/Calvin Cycle reduction phase - _____and _______make a ___-carbon sugar | reduction phase - ATP and NADPH make a 3-carbon sugar |
| PHOTOSYNTHESIS Light Independent Reactions/Calvin Cycle regeneration - _____molecules recycled to generate ______ ___x cycle ---> 1 glucose molecule _____+ and ________+ recycled back | regeneration - G3P molecules recycled to generate RUBP 6x cycle ---> 1 glucose molecule ADP+ and NADP+ recycled back |
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION Glycolysis breaks 1 glucose (____) into 2 pyruvates (____) ____+ goes in and you get ________out | breaks 1 glucose (6C) into 2 pyruvates (3C) NAD+ goes in and you get NADH out |
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION Pyruvate oxidation each pyruvate (____) loses one carbon (____) 2C combines with __________ (enzyme) ______+ goes in and ______comes out | each pyruvate (3C) loses one carbon (2C) 2C combines with Acetyl-CoA (enzyme) NAD+ goes in and NADH comes out |
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION Kreb's cycle/Citric Acid Cycle Acetyl-CoA (____) + oxaloacetate (____) --> _______ citrate is oxidized again back into _________ _____ released _____+ once again goes in, and _______comes out also ____goes in, _______comes out | Acetyl-CoA (2C) + oxaloacetate (4C) --> citrate citrate is oxidized again back into oxaloacetate CO2 released NAD+ once again goes in, and NADH comes out FAD goes in, FADH2 comes out |
| CELLULAR RESPIRATION ETC _____and _____ give electrons to protein complexes as electrons move __ is pumped from matrix to _________space creates ______(electrochemical) gradient H+ flow back through _____ _____ (enzyme) ____- final receptor ATP! | NADH and FADH2 give electrons to protein complexes as electrons move H+ is pumped from matrix to intramembrane space creates proton (electrochemical) gradient H+ flow back through ATP synthase oxygen - final receptor ATP! |
| oxidation | losing electrons OIL - oxidation is losing |
| reduction | lose electrons reduction is losing |
| photorespiration | "flaw of photosynthesis" when RuBisCO accidently binds O2 instead of CO2 in Calvin cycle results in waste of energy, and not as much glucose made |
| stomata | tiny pores in cells that allow for gas exchange |
| C3 | 3-carbon compound stomata open during day cool/wet/normal |
| C4 | 4-carbon compound bundle sheath cells hot+sunny, stomata can be closed |
| CAM | stomata open in cool night slow growth hot/arid/dry desserts |
| delta G | change in free energy (energy available to do work) (+) - endergonic (-) - exergonic |
| delta H | enthalphy lower energy bonds/more stable = (-) |
| delta S | entrophy more chaotic = more molecules = (+) entrophy |
| delta G = | delta H - T(delta S) |
| scientific hypothesis | testable (observational, measurable) and falsifiable (able to be proven wrong) |
| scientific method (5 steps) | make observations ask questions (descriptive and casual) hypothesis (testable and falsifiable) controlled experiments to test hypothesis draw conclusions from results |
| for probability AND OR | AND - multiply OR - add |
| reject the null hypothesis when p < | 0.005 (5%) meaning if the chance that your results could randomly happen is less than 5%, your hypothesis was correct |
| null hypothesis for a causation experiment | the independent variable does NOT cause a change in the dependent variable |
| null hypothesis for a correlation experiment | the two variables are NOT correlated |
| in general simple diffusion can diffuse ______ molecules | nonpolar molecules |
| and facilitated diffusion can diffuse ____ molecules | polar/charged molecules |
Created by:
anyasalmon