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bioterrorism
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which vaccines are the focus for bioterrorism preparedness? | Smallpox (vaccinia), Anthrax, and Ebola. Non-medical: Think of them as three “emergency shields” kept ready for rare but serious threats. |
| What products exist for smallpox vaccination? | ACAM2000 (live, replicating), APSV (live; EUA if needed), and JYNNEOS (live, non-replicating). Non-medical: Like three kinds of locks for similar doors—each works a bit differently. |
| How is ACAM2000 applied? | By skin scarification with a bifurcated needle: ~15 rapid perpendicular punctures to create a take (pustule). Non-medical: Like stamping multiple tiny holes to prove entry. |
| Where is smallpox vaccine given on the body and how is the site managed? | Over the right deltoid; cover with a loose, non-occlusive dressing and keep covered until the scab falls off. Non-medical: Like taping a small screen over a wet paint spot so no one touches it. |
| What indicates a successful primary smallpox vaccination (“take”)? | A pustular lesion on day 6–8; if absent, repeat vaccination. Non-medical: Like checking for a receipt stamp—no stamp means redo. |
| What is the role of smallpox vaccine after exposure? | It can prevent disease or lessen severity if given promptly post-exposure. Non-medical: Like locking doors right after a raccoon slips in—still prevents a lot of damage. |
| Why isn’t mass pre-event smallpox vaccination recommended? | Vaccine risks outweigh benefits for the general public; instead use surveillance and ring vaccination around cases. Non-medical: Don’t give everyone heavy rain gear in the desert—use it only where clouds actually form. |
| What is ring vaccination? | Vaccinating close contacts (and contacts of contacts) of a case to contain spread while minimizing risk. Non-medical: Build a fence around the campfire, not the whole forest. |
| List notable adverse effects of smallpox vaccination. | Fever, lymphadenopathy, rashes, auto-inoculation, generalized vaccinia, eczema vaccinatum, progressive vaccinia, myopericarditis, encephalitis, rare death. Non-medical: A powerful tool with real side effects—like a strong cleaner that needs careful handli |
| Are there absolute contraindications to smallpox vaccine in an emergency? | No absolute contraindications in a smallpox emergency; those at highest vaccine risk are also at highest smallpox risk. Non-medical: In a house fire, even people sensitive to smoke still need to evacuate. |
| What public health actions accompany vaccination in bioterrorism response? | Surveillance, contact tracing, isolation/quarantine, lab analysis, communication, decontamination. Non-medical: Winning needs a full team—goalie, defenders, midfielders, strikers—not just one star. |
| What is the anthrax vaccine and what does it contain? | BioThrax (AVA): cell-free filtrate with protective antigen (PA), adsorbed to aluminum; no live or dead bacteria. Non-medical: Training guards with a mugshot, not a live intruder. |
| What is the anthrax pre-exposure schedule? | IM at 0, 1, 6, 12, and 18 months, then annual boosters while risk continues. Non-medical: Like renewing a membership to keep access active. |
| How is anthrax vaccine used for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)? | 3 doses (0, 2, 4 weeks) combined with antibiotics; continue antibiotics ~7–14 days after last dose. Non-medical: Use both sprinklers and fire extinguishers to put out a blaze. |
| What are common anthrax vaccine adverse events? | Local reactions common (minor 20–50%, severe ~1%); systemic 5–35% (myalgia, chills, malaise, nausea). Non-medical: Like a tough workout—most feel sore, a few feel rough. |
| Name key contraindications/deferrals for anthrax vaccine. | Prior anthrax infection, anaphylaxis to a dose/component; defer for moderate–severe acute illness. Non-medical: If you’re allergic to the paint, don’t use that paint; if you’re sick, wait to paint. |
| What Ebola vaccine is available and what strain does it cover? | rVSV-ZEBOV (Ervebo™); protects against Zaire ebolavirus (e.g., Kikwit 1995). Non-medical: A key cut for one lock—it won’t open different locks. |
| Who receives the Ebola vaccine and how is it given? | Single 1 mL IM dose for healthy, non-pregnant, non-lactating adults with occupational exposure risk. Non-medical: A one-time badge issued only to staff working in the hazard zone. |
| List notable adverse effects of the Ebola vaccine. | Rare anaphylaxis, transient low white blood cells, arthralgia/arthritis. Non-medical: Brief “construction noise” while the building upgrades its alarm system. |
| Why does smallpox remain a concern after eradication? | Lab stocks exist (CDC and in Russia); historical weaponization concerns; research on more virulent forms reported. Non-medical: The matches are locked up, but they still exist—so fire risk isn’t zero. |
| How available are smallpox vaccines in the U.S.? | Supply sufficient to immunize the U.S. population; stock controlled by CDC; other countries and WHO also hold doses. Non-medical: Emergency food in storage—enough for everyone if needed. |
| What kinds of evidence support smallpox vaccine efficacy today? | Primarily immune response data; limited direct protection data; revaccinate at intervals for at-risk lab/health workers. Non-medical: We know the smoke detectors beep in tests, even if we haven’t had a real fire lately. |
| What ongoing monitoring follows exposure/vaccination in smallpox response? | Monitor contacts for 18 days after last exposure; check vaccine take at day 7; monitor vaccinees ~14 days. Non-medical: Daily headcounts after a campsite incident until everyone clears the danger window. |
Created by:
eskay264