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Chemistry of Life
AP Chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of these is the correct term for the disassembly (breakdown) of a polymer with the addition of a water molecule? | Hydrolysis |
| If a polypeptide chain had a mutation how might this change affect the structure and function of the protein? | The R-group of the new amino acid, valine, has different chemical properties than the R-group of cysteine. This will cause the protein to misfold and not function properly in the cell. |
| Cholinesterase is an enzyme that catalyzes (speeds up) the hydrolysis of the signaling molecule acetylcholine. Which of the following best explains how cholinesterase carries out its function? | Cholinesterase breaks covalent bonds with acetylcholine by the addition of a water molecule. |
| Cholinesterase | Breaks down acetylcholine, through hydrolysis: 1.A water molecule is added to the acetylcholine molecule. 2. This addition of water causes a covalent bond within the acetylcholine to break. 3.The acetylcholine molecules are split into smaller components. |
| Which of the following is responsible for the cohesive property of water? | Hydrogen bonds between the hydrogen atoms of two adjacent water molecules. |
| Cohesive property of water | Arises from the attraction between water molecules. This attraction is due to hydrogen bonds, which form between the slightly negative oxygen atom of one water molecule and the positive hydrogen atom of another. |
| Which term applies to when a protein changes shape due to extreme changes in pH or temperature | Denaturization |
| Nucleotides are found in | DNA and RNA |
| Which of the following best explains why surface tension is created on the surface of bodies of water? | Water molecules are attracted to each other because the sharing of electrons between hydrogen and oxygen is unequal |
| Dehydration synthesis | It's reaction involved in the formation of a polypeptide |
| A substance has atoms that bond to each other by sharing their electrons equally. This type of bond is called | Nonpolar covalent |
| Covalent vs noncovalent bonds | Covalent bonds are formed when atoms share electrons . Nonpolar covalent bonds is what happens when electrons are shared equally. This occurs when 2 atoms involved in the bond have very similar or identical electronegativity. |
| Electronegativity | A measure of an atom's ability to attract shared electrons. |
| Which of the following best describes a characteristic of saturated fatty acids? | They contain only single bonds between carbon atoms |
| Fatty acids | A long chain of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms, with a carboxyl group (-COOH) at the end. |
| Saturated Fatty Acids | Every carbon atom atom in the chain is bonded to the maximum possible number of hydrogen atoms. This means there are only single bonds between the carbon atoms. Because there are no double bonds the carbon chain is straight and can pack tightly together. |
| Saturation | Refers to the type of bonds between the carbon atoms in the chain |
| The carbohydrates glucose, galactose, and fructose have the same chemical formula (C₆H₁₂O₆) but different structural formulas, what is true about these carbohydrates? | The carbohydrates have different properties because they have different arrangements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. |
| Why water is good solvent for carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids, but not for lipids? | Carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids have polar regions capable of forming hydrogen bonds with water. Lipids are not very polar. |
| If 30% of the nucleotides in a single-stranded RNA molecule are adenine, then what percentage are expected to be thymine? | 0% |
| RNA | Unlike DNA, it doesn't contain thymine(T). Instead, RNA uses uracil(U) as one of its nitrogenous bases . Therefore, the percentage of thymine in any RNA molecule is always zero. |
| What is the structural difference between DNA and RNA? | The backbone of DNA contains deoxyribose, whereas the backbone of RNA contains ribose. |
| Which of the following best describes the hydrolysis of carbohydrates? | The addition of a water molecule breaks a covalent bond between sugar monomers. |
| Which of the following best describes the role of phospholipids? | Phospholipids form the lipid bilayer found in cell membranes. |
| Phospholipids | Are ampjpathe molecules that form the fundamental structure of cell membranes, arranging themselves into a lipid bilayer. This bilayer acts as a selective barrier, regulating the movement of substances into and out of the cell. |
| How water is able to move upward form the roots of a plant, through its xylem in the same, and out to the leaves? | Water and the xylem are both polar. water molecules have the ability to form hydrogen bonds with each other and with the walls of the xylem. |
| Which of the following best describes the structures of carbohydrates? | The occur as monomers, chains of monomers, and branched structures. |
| Used to carry genetic code | Nucleic Acids |
| Source of quick energy | Carbohydrate |
| Consists of 4 interconnected rings | Steroids |
| Consists of polypeptides folded into a 3D shape | Proteins |
| Contain fats, oils, waxes, and phospholipids | Lipids |
| The folding of a single polypeptide helix into a complex 3-dimensional shape is what structural level? | Tertiary |
| Polysaccharides are formed using simple sugars by what process? | Dehydration synthesis |
| DNA | In DNA, adenine (A) always pairs with thymine(T) via two hydrogen bonds and guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C) via three hydrogen bond. |
| RNA | In RNA, adenine (A) pairs with uracil (U) instead of thymine (T), while guanine (G) continues to pair with cytosine (C) via three hydrogen bonds, just as in DNA |
| The building block of carbohydrates are | Monosaccharides |
| The synthesis of protein or carbohydrates polymers always produces which of the following as a byproduct? | Water |
| Byproduct of a carbohydrate | When monomers (building blocks) come together to form polymers (larger molecules) in protein and carbohydrate synthesis, a molecule of water is released for each bond formed, a process known as dehydration synthesis or condensation reaction. |
| How do hydrophobic molecules react to water? | repelled by water |
| The CFTR protein | Is made up of 1480 amino acids linked together in a chain. Some humans produce a version of the CFTR in which phenylalanine (an amino acid) has been deleted from position 508 of the amino acid chain. |
| How does the amino acid deletion will affect the structure of the CFTR? | It will affect the primary, secondary, and tertiary structures of the CFTR protein |
| When a bond forms between glucose and fructose to form sucrose? | A water molecule is removed |
| Which functional group is represented by this structural formula? | An amine group |
| R- | Represents any alkyl group aryl group |
| NH2 | This part is the core of the functional group. It consist the functional group. It consists of one nitrogen atom (N) bonded to two hydrogen atoms (H). |
| R-NH2 | Are put together signifies a molecule where an "R" group is attached to a nitrogen atom that is also bonded to two hydrogen atoms. this specific arrangement of atoms is characteristic of an amine group |
| The sequence of amino acids with their could and pleats in the polypeptide chain represents which level of protein | secondary |
| Water and ammonia interact to form hydrogen bonds, which statement best explains the formation of the hydrogen bond? | The nitrogen has a partial negative charge, and the hydrogen attached to the oxygen has a partial positive charge |
| Which of the following is most directly responsible for water's unique properties? | It is a polar molecule |
| The order in which amino acids are joined in a polypeptide chain is referred to as its | primary structure |
| Primary structure | Most basic level. It refers to the specific linear sequence of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds to form a polypeptide chain. The sequence of amino acids is fundamental because it dictates all the subsequent levels of protein folding. |
| What do the following have in common with reference to water: cohesion, surface tension, specific heat | All are properties related to hydrogen bonding |
| A covalent bond becomes polar if | One f the atoms is more lectronegativative than the other |
| Carboxyl group | Is a specific combination of a carbonyl group and hydroxyl group attached to the same carbon atom (-COOH). Carboxyl groups are acidic. This means they can donate a hydrogen ion (H+). These fatty acids, are components of fats also contain carboxyl groups. |
| A carboxyl group | (-COOH) |
| Nucleic acids can be said to be molecules of | information |
| In what type of covalent bond do both atoms expert the same pull on their shared electrons? | nonpolar covalent |
| Which of the following best describes how amino acids affect the tertiary structure of a protein? | The interactions of the different R-groups with other R-groups and with their environment determine the tertiary structure of the protein |
| Tertiary structure of a protein | Determined by the interaction between the R-groups and the amino acids. The interactions include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions and disulfide bridges. Causing the protein to fold into a specific three-dimensional shape. |
| Which of the following is NOT a carbohydrate polymer? | Monosaccharides |
| Monosaccharides | These are the simplest form of carbohydrates and they are also called simple sugars. They are monomers of carbohydrates. Single units and thus are not polymers |
| Glycogen, starch, and cellulose | Are all large molecules (polymers) built from repeating units of monosaccharides (monomers), primarily glucose. |
| Which of the following molecules is a typical component of a cell membrane? | Lipid |
| Lipids | Specifically phospholipids are the fundamental building blocks of cell membranes. they form the bilayer structure that is characteristic of a cell membrane. |
| Humans produce sweat as a cooling mechanism to maintain a stable internal temperature. Which of the following best explains how the properties of water contribute to this physiological process? | The high heat of vaporization of water allows the body to remove excess heat through a phase change of water form liquid to gas. |
| Nucleotides are monomers (small building units) made up of which three molecules? | A base, a phosphate and a sugar |
| Nucleotide | is composed of three key components: a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar (either ribose or deoxyribose), and a phosphate group. These monomers form the building blocks of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA. |
| Water in a test tube forms a meniscus due to the hydrogen bonding between water molecules and the glass of the test tube. What property of water does this exhibit? | Adhesion |
| Identify the type of bond linking the oxygen and the hydrogen atoms | Covalent |
| One strand of DNA has the sequence 5'-GTGCA-3'. What is the 5'->3' sequence of the complimentary DNA strand? | TGCAC. The 5'->3' sequence of the complementary DNA strand is 5'-CTGCA-3'. This is because A pairs with T, and G pairs with C, and the strands are antiparallel, so the resulting sequence is read from right to left relative to the original strand |
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