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Genetics Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| central dogma | DNA->(trascription) RNA->mRNA->(translation)proteins |
| exons | are what are ex-ctually used |
| silent mutation | base substitution that does not change the amino acid sequence |
| missense mutation | base substitution that results in an amino acid change |
| nonsense mutation | base substitution thatchanges a codon into a stop codon |
| frameshift mutation | base substitution that alters the reading frame of the genetic code |
| indels | Short for insertions and deletions, genetic mutations that delete or insert one+ nucleotides |
| copy number variation | Variation in number of copies of a specific DNA segment |
| gene family | Group of genes in same species that have common evolutionary origin |
| paralog | Gene within same species part of gene family, result of gene duplication events and often similar but not identical |
| pseudogenes | Non functional copies of genes used to do something variation happens now no more proteins |
| HOX genes | Evolutionarily conserved genes that play a role in the development of the body plan and degeneration of animals during embryogenesis |
| homeoodomain | Conserved DNA-binding domain found in transcription facts that regulate gene expression |
| gene divergence | Process by which organisms duplicated genes can evolve independently leading to new functions of gene family expansion |
| protein domain structures | Functional regions within a proteins 3D structure |
| variation in amino acid sequence | Difference in sequence of amino acids that make up a protein |
| variation in gene regulation | Differences in mechanisms at which genes are turned on or off in different individuals or cell types |
| variation in splicing | Differences in how pre-mRNA molecules are processed to produce mature mRNA transcripts |
| novel genes | Genes recently evolved and don’t have homologous counterparts in closely related species |
| changes invoking RNA coding genes | Genetic alterations that affect expression or function of genes that primarily produce RNA molecule |
| long non-coding rna | RNA molecule that is longer than 200 nucleotides |
| ortholog | Genes in different species evolved from common ancestral gene by speciation |
| polyploidy | Condition where an organism has more than 2 complete sets of chromosomes |
| RNA primase | helps polymerase get started |
| DNA polymerase | ensures accuracy of replication, synthesizes new DNA strand by adding nucleotides in the 5'->3' direction, requires primer |
| telomerase | copies ends of DNA |
| topoisomerase | keeps DNA strands from getting tangled |
| RNA primase, DNA ligase, DNA polymerse | work to replicate strands in the same direction |
| DNA ligase | seals nicks in sugar phosphate backbone and joins okazaki fragments |
| okazaki fragments | short DNA pieces made on lagging strand due to opposite polarity |
| g1 phase | cell growth |
| s phase | DNA replication |
| g2 phase | protein synthesis |
| m phase | mitosis phase |
| cytokinesis phase | cell divides into two daughter cells |
| order of mitotic interphase and cell cycle | g1, s, g2, m, cytokinesis |
| regular dihybrid cross | 9:3:3:1 |
| dominant epistatic dihybrid cross | 12:3:1 |
| recessive epistatic dihybrid cross | 9:3:4 |
Created by:
AKDakd