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EXAM 2 STUDY PREP
Gynecology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| A benign invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium is known as? | Adenomyosis |
| In PMP patients, an endometrial thickness of less than ? mm reliably exluded an endometrial abnormality. | 5 |
| How would you characterize the endometrium of a 24 year old patient at day 14 of her menstrual cycle? | Proliferative |
| A 28 year old woman reports LLQ pain. Her last menstrual period was 2 weeks earlier. Sonographically, the uterine body displays a highly echogenic structure in the endometrial cavity. This represents? | Intrauterine contraceptive device |
| In what age group is endometrial carcinoma most often detected? | 60-69 years old |
| The endometrium should be measured from ? layer to ? layer. | hyperechoic; hyperechoic |
| What sonographic characteristic is the most common finding in endometrial carcinoma? | Abnormal thickening of the endometrial cavity, usually with irregular bleeding in perimenopausal and post menopausal women |
| Patients on tamoxifen have an increased risk of which reactions? | Endometrial polyp, endometrial carcinoma, and endometrial hyperplasia |
| What is the most common clinical symptom of endometrial carcinoma? | Abnormal bleeding or discharge |
| A 3-day postpartum woman complains of intense pelvic pain. Sonographically, the uterus appears hypoechoic with irregular endometrium. This condition most likely represents what? | Endometritis |
| What is the most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding in both pre- and postmenopausal women? | Endometrial Hyperplasia |
| Endometrial proliferation is stimulated by? | Estrogen |
| Endometrial hyperplasia develops from what? | Unopposed estrogen stimulation |
| SIS procedures are used to visualize? | Polyps and leiomyomas |
| If a sonographer discovers a uterine anomaly, what other system should also be examined? | Urinary |
| What is the most common sonographic finding of adenomyosis? | Diffuse uterine enlargement |
| Fibroids may increase is size during pregnancy due to? | Estrogen dependance |
| True or false: The fundus of a retroverted or retroflexed uterus is difficult to assess by TA sonography | True |
| On ultrasound, the characteristics appearance of a degenerationg leiomyoma is? | Heterogenous |
| In performing color and spectral doppler on the female reproductive system, one can assess normal and pathologic blood flow; what other usefulness does it provide in regards to pathology? | Distinguishes blood vessels from solid masses |
| True or False: elevated levels of progesterone stimulate the growth of islands of endometrium with adenomyosis | False |
| A small percentage of leiomyomas are located in which one of the following structures? | Cervix |
| What do Uterine arterivenous malformations (AVMs) usually involve? | Myometrium |
| What type of uterine pathology is most likely the cause of mosaic patterns shown on doppler sonographically on the uterus? | AV malformation |
| What is the most common tumor found in the female pelvis? | Leiomyoma |
| Irregular acyclic bleeding is defined as what? | Metrorrhagia |
| The most common cause of uterine calcification is what? | Myomas |
| Which location of a fibroid will most likely cause heavy irregular menstrual bleeding? | Submucosal |
| The clinical signs of a 32 year old woman with an enlarged uterus on physical examination and a history of cyclic prolonged bleeding with increasing pain most likely represents what? | Leiomyoma |
| Which of the following conditions is described as a hyperplastic protrusion of the epithelium of the cervix that may be broad based or pedunculated? | Cervical polyps |
| What is the most common reason to visualized asymptomatic fluid within the posterior cue-de-sac? | Rupture of the graffian follicle |
| In what structure would a Gartner's duct cyst be found? | Vagina |
| The premenarcheal fundal to cevical ratio is typically? | 1:1 |
| Characterstics associated with precocious puberty | Appearance of secondary sexual characteristics, childhood obesity, increased ovarian volume |
| A 12 year old patient presents with primary amenorrhea and pelvic pressure. The most likely cause of her symptom is? | Hematocolpos |
| Which portion of the Mullerian ducts become the upper 1/3 of the vagina and the cervix? | Caudal |
| True or false: Pseudohermaphrodites will likely have an ovitestes. | False |
| What condition is associated with sexual ambiguity? | Mixed gonadal dysgenesis |
| During embryologic development, what is responsible for creating the vaginal plate? | Sinovaginal bulbs |
| Most common benign cystic lesion of the vagina | Gartner's Duct Cyst |
| Found in the vaginal tract. Pain during sex | Gartner's Duct Cyst |
| Most common benign cystic lesion of the cervix | Nabothian Cyst |
| In the cervix. Multiple of them arise together. Discrete, round, and fluid filled. Less than 2 cm | Nabothian Cyst |
| Benign condition that arises from the hyperplastic protrusion of the epithelium of the endocervix or ectocervix. | Cervical Polyps |
| Sonographically, these may appear pedunculated, projecting out of the cervix or broad based. Irregular bleeding | Cervical Polyps |
| An acquired benign condition with obstruction of the cervical canal at the internal or external os. | Cervical Stenosis |
| Sonographically appears as hematometrocolpos or large endometrial fluid collections. Patients experience abnormal bleeding, oligomenorrhea/amenorrhea, cramping, dysmenorrhea, or infertility | Cervical Stenosis |
| Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common type of cervical cancer. Precursors to this disease are the cervical dysplasia classified as mild, moderate, or severe | Cervical Carcinoma |
| Sonographically, a solid retrovesical mass is present (often distinguishable from a cervical leiomyoma). Very vascular | Cervical Carcinoma |
| Most common benign gynecologic tumor. They are composed of smooth muscle cells and fibrous tissue which can degenerate into a number of different histologic subtypes. Usually multiple | Leiomyomas |
| Pregnancy loss, anemia, menorrhagia, infertility. Each looks different on ultrasound. | Leiomyoma |
| Benign disease with global infiltration of endometrium out into the myometrium. Most commonly diffuse, but can be focal | Adenomyosis |
| Heavy, painful menstrual cycles, intercyclic bleeding, older, multiparous patients, increased estrogen levels | Adenomyosis |
| Vascular plexus of arteries and veins without an intervening capillary network. Rare | AVM |
| Sonographically appears as subtle myometrial heterogenous with tubular spaces in the myometrium. Can mimic an endometrial, cervical, or intramural uterine mass. Metrorrhagia and anemia. | AVM |
| Uterine tumor that originates from the myometrium or endometrial lining, are highly aggressive, and have a poor prognosis | Leiomyosarcoma |
| Asymptomatic and uterine bleeding | Leiomyosarcoma |
| Second most common uterine calcification | Mockingbird sclerosis (calcification of arcuate arteries) |
| Most common cause of abnormal uterine bleeding in both pre and post menopausal women. Developed due to unopposed estrogen stimulation. | Endometrial Hyperplasia |
| Well defined with focal or diffuse thickening. Asymmetrical thickening. Small cystic structures are dilated glands could question carcinoma. | Endometrial Hyperplasia |
| What would be the uterine length of a pre-menopausal woman? | >14mm |
| What would be the uterine length of a post-menopausal woman on no HRT? | >8mm |
| What would be the uterine length of a post-menopausal woman on HRT? | 8-15mm |
| Overgrowths of endometrial tissue covered by epithelium that contains a variable number of glands, stroma, and blood vessels | Endometrial Polyps |
| Sonographically appears echogenic, non-specific thickening initially, transitioning to hypoechoic/hyperechoic endometrium with focal or diffuse changes. Color Doppler utilized to view feeding artery. | Endometrial Polyps |
| Infection within the endometrium of the uterus. | Endometritis |
| Sonographically appears as a prominent or irregular characteristics with varying levels of endometrial fluid | Endometritis |
| Most common gynecologic malignancy in North America with rising incidence | Endometrial Carcinoma |
| Mostly post menopausal women. Focal irregularity and myometrial distortion | Endometrial Carcinoma |
| Small and large collections can occur. Can be made up of secretions, blood, or both. Small= occurs with ectopic pregnancies, endometritis, degenerating myomas, and a recent abortion. Large= suspicious for obstruction of cervical os | Endometrial Fluid Collections |
| Congenital Situations- imperforate hymen (most common),vaginal septum, vaginal atresia, or rudimentary horn. Cervical stenosis- tumors, post radiation fibrosis, uterine, cervical, tubal, or ovarian carcinomas | Endometrial Fluid Collections |
| Endometrial adhesions. Also called Asherman Syndrome | Synechiae |
| Usually found in women with posttraumatic or post-surgical histories, Cause infertility or recurrent pregnancy loss | Synechiae |
Created by:
marissagirl