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Philosophy Unit 2

TermDefinition
Materialism Reality is made of some material thing
Animism Belief that everything is alive, supernatural power inhabits the earth and organizes/animates it
Dualism Belief in 2 forms or substances of earth
Pluralism Everything is made up of multiple kinds of things
Ontology Branch of metaphysics for being and existence
Monism Belief in a singular substance making up the earth
Teleology Everything has a purpose (not causation)
Thales Believed world is all water, "first philosopher"
Democritus Believed world is made up of atoms (atomic theory)
Heraclitus Believed world is made up of fire
Zeno of Elea Famous for paradoxes showing change and motion are illusion
Anaximander Believed everything is made of apeiron (basic element/structure we don't know)
Anaximenes Believed world is made up of air
Pythagoras Believed everything is made up of numbers and math
Plato view of forms Everything has a perfect form
Aristotle view of forms Everything has its own form to make up things / what makes a thing a thing
Innate knowledge Knowledge is known from birth, rediscover it
Aristotle’s View of Substance Things that make up reality
Essential Properties What makes up a thing
Accidental Properties How Aristotle explains change in objects
Rene’ Descartes Believed in the Cogito argument
Cartesian Dualism Physical material substance and mind (belief in God as 3rd substance makes it Cartesian)
Benedictus Spinoza Believed everything is God, everything happened because of God (determinism)
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz Believed in monads (PLURALIST BC MONADS ARE DIFFERENT)
Monads Basic building block of earth, monads are different and therefore is a pluralist theory
Preestablished Harmony Everything is pre-determined, there is no freedom in what you do
Nishitani Keiji Brought together Western philosophy with Eastern philosophy, Japenese philosopher
Purpose of Religion Explain how world exists
Theist Believes in God
Athiest Doesn't believe in God
Agnosticism Admits they don't know if there is God or not
Hard agnostic Doesn't know if there is a God but nobody knows
Soft agnostic Doesn't know if there is a God but some people might know
Omnipotent All powerful
Omnipresent Everywhere
Omniscient All knowing
Omnibenevolent All good/loving/just/etc.
Thomas Aquinas Believed in cosmological argument, agreed with Aristotle on things
(Kalam) Cosmological Argument Earth needed a prime mover to start -> God is prime mover
Teleological Argument Argument from design, intelligent world needs to have an intelligent creator
St. Anselm Believed in ontological argument
Ontological Argument If God is the best thing we can think of and God is the best thing than it must be real because it has to exist to be the best thing
Infinite Regress Things go back forever (impossible)
Ockham’s Razor Take simplest explanation, science explains things so there is no need for the theory of God
Logical Problem of Evil If God is so good why does he allow for so much evil in the world
Theodicy Defense of God against problem of evil argument
William Paley (Watchmaker Argument) Argued watchmaker argument, watches are so complex needs a intelligent designer -> addon to teleological argument
David Hume Didn't believe in God entirely, if world isn't perfect the creator can't be perfect
Karl Marx and Frederick Nietzsche Both argued against religion as it leads to control, both partook in ideas that led to mass control
Michael Behe Argued for irreducible complexity
Irreducible Complexity So many specific things are needed for something like an atom to work
J.L. Mackie Layed out arguments for theodicy (believed they were false)
Cosmology Nature of the universe
Cosmogony Origins of the universe
Cogito argument I think, therefore I am (doubting existence proves you exist)
Foil argument Good cannot exist without evil (argument against -> why so much evil?)
Restoration argument Evil is necessary for good, god is waiting to restore good (argument against -> why wait?)
Free-will argument Evil is due to human free will (argument against -> natural evil)
Created by: rwancr
 

 



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