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rise of civilization
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| prehistory | the period of time before writing was invented |
| historian | a person who studies how people lived in the past |
| artifact | an object made by human beings |
| anthropology | the study of the origins and development of people and their societies |
| culture | the way of life of a society which is handed down from one generation to the next by learning and experience |
| archeology | the study of people and cultures through material remains |
| Olduvai gorge | located in eastern Africa the gorge has provided archaeologists with a geological yard stick for measuring the age of early stone tools and hominid bones excavated at the site |
| technology | the skills and tools people use to meet their basic needs |
| Mary + Louis Leakey | they found ancient stone tools on the side of the Olduvai gorge and pieces of bone found to be from a person who lived 2 million years ago. |
| Donald Johnson | found a full skeleton called lucy in Ethiopia that dated to 3 million years old |
| old stone age | the era of pre history that lasted from 2 million B.C. to about 9,000 B.C. |
| Paleolithic era | the era of pre history that lasted from 2 million B.C. to about 9,000 B.C. also called the old stone age |
| new stone age | the final era of pre history which began about 9,000 B.C. |
| Neolithic era | the final era of pre history which began about 9,000 B.C. also called the new stone age |
| nomad | a person who moves from place to place in search of food |
| animism | the belief that spirits and forces live within animals, objects, or dreams |
| Neolithic revolution | the period of time during which the introduction of agriculture led people to transition from nomadic to settled life |
| domesticate | to tame animals and adapt crops so they are best suited to use by humans |
| Catal Huyuk | one of the worlds first villages established in modern-day turkey around 7,000 B.C. |
| Jericho | the worlds first village established in the modern day west bank between 10,000 and 9,000 B.C. |
| Surplus | an amount that is more than needed |
| traditional economy | undeveloped economic systems that rely on custom and tradition |
| civilization | an advanced stage of human society, marked by a well organized government and high levels of culture, science, and industry |
| steppe | sparse, dry, treeless plain |
| polytheistic | believing in many gods |
| artisan | a skilled craftsperson |
| pictograph | a simple drawing that looks like the object it represents |
| empire | a group of states or territories controlled by one ruler |
| scribe | in ancient civilizations, a person specially trained to read, write, and keep records |
| cultural diffusion | the spread of ideas, customs, and technologies from one place to another |
| city-state | a political unit that includes a city and its surrounding lands and villages |
| fertile crescent | region of the middle east in which civilizations first arose |
| Mesopotamia | region within the fertile crescent that lies between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers |
| Sumer | site of the worlds fist civilization located in southern Mesopotamia |
| Epic of Gilgameslr | Mesopotamian narrative poem that was first recited in sumer |
| hierarchy | system of ranking groups |
| ziggurat | in ancient Mesopotamia, a large, stepped platform thought to have been topped by a temple dedicated to a city-state's chief god or goddess |
| cuneiform | in the ancient middle east, a system of writing that used wedge shaped marks |
| codify | to arrange or set down in writing |
| civil law | a branch of law that deals with private rights and matters |
| criminal law | a branch of law that deals with offenses against others |
| bureaucracy | system of government through departments and subdivision administered by officials who follow set rules |
| barter economy | economic system in which one set of goods or services is exchanged for another |
| money economy | economic system in which goods or services are paid for through the exchange of a token of an agreed value |
| colony | territory settled and ruled by people from another land |
| alphabet | writing system in which each symbol represents a single basic sound |
| Sargon | the ruler of Akkad who invaded and conquered the city states of Sumer and created the first multicultural empire |
| Hammurabi | the king of Babylon who brought much of Mesopotamia under the control of his empire and published a set of laws called Hammurabi's code |
| Nebuchadnezzar | an aggressive and ruthless king who revived the power of Babylon. his empire stretched from the Persian gulf to the Mediterranean sea |
| Zoroaster | a man who helped unite the Persian empire . he rejected the old Persian gods and believed in only 1 wise god |
| subcontinent | a large landmass that juts out from a continent |
| plateau | raised area of level land |
| monsoon | seasonal wind that regularly blows from a certain direction for part of the year |
| Harappa | a large ancient city of the Indus civilization located in present day Pakistan |
| Mohenjo-Daro | an ancient city of the Indus civilization located in present day Pakistan |
| veneration | special regard |
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