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Anatomy- Module 2
Covers Module 2 Objectives
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does a picture of Hyaline cartilage look like? | smooth and glassy many lacunae(circles) clearer looking ground substance |
| What does a picture of Fibrocartilage look like? | more flattened and organized rows densely layered collagen fibers |
| What does a picture of Elastic cartilage look like? | visible elastic fibers unorganized stringy and spiderweb like |
| Functions of cartilage? | 1. Support soft tissue 2. Provide gliding surfaces 3. Model for bone formation |
| Example of Hyaline cartilage? | Trachea |
| Example of Fibrocartilage? | Intervertebral discs |
| Example of Elastic cartilage? | Ear |
| What are the bone shape categories? | 1. Short 2. Long 3. Flat 4. Irregular |
| Example of short bone? | Carpals Tarsals |
| Example of long bone? | Femur |
| Example of irregular bone? | Vertebrae |
| Example of flat bone? | Scapula |
| What is Periosteum? (long bone) | Cover outside surface of the long bone |
| What is Diaphysis? (long bone) | Cylindrical shaft |
| What is the proximal and distal epiphysis? (long bone) | The knobby regions at each end of the long bone |
| What is compact bone? (long bone) | Solid and dense On outside surfaces of long bone |
| What is spongy bone? (long bone) | On inside surface of long bone Has narrow plates (trabeculae) |
| What is the epiphyseal line? (long bone) | Thin line of bone tissue found in the metaphysis of long bone |
| What is the medullary cavity? (long bone) | Hollow, cylindrical space in diaphysis (shaft) |
| What is endosteum? (long bone) | covers most internal surfaces of bones contains osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts |
| What is yellow bone marrow? (long bone) | located in medullary cavity found in shaft found in adults |
| What is red bone marrow? (long bone) | located in medullary cavity found in shaft produces blood cells |
| What is articular cartilage? (long bone) | thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis (knobby ends) |
| What is perforating (sharpey's) fibers? (long bone) | attaches periosteum to bone tissue |
| What is trabeculae? (spongy bone) | open lattice of narrow plates |
| What is red bone marrow? (spongy bone) | produces blood cells |
| What is an osteon? (compact bone) | basic unit of compact bone cylindrical structure |
| Functions of bone | 1. Support and protection 2. Movement 3. Hematopoiesis 4. Storage of mineral and energy reserves |
| What is a central(Haversian canal)? (compact bone) | Carries vessels and nerves to center of osteon |
| What is lamellae? (compact bone) | Rings of bone |
| What is interstitial lamellae? (compact bone) | Leftovers of resorbed osteons |
| What is lacunae? (compact bone) | cavity within bone |
| What is an osteocyte? (compact bone) | Live in lacunae between lamellae |
| What is a canaliculi? (compact bone) | tiny channels that extend between lacunae allows osteocytes to connect and communicate |
| What are perforating (Volkmann's) canals? (compact bone) | Connects multiple central canals Serves as passageways for blood vessels and nerves |
| What is concentric lamellae? (compact bone) | Rings of bone around central canal |
| What is a condyle? | large, smooth, rounded oval structure |
| What is a facet? | small, flat, shallow surface |
| What is a head? | rounded epiphysis |
| What is a trochlea? | smooth, grooved, pulley like process |
| What is an alveolus? | Deep pit or socket in maxilla or mandible |
| What is a fossa? | Flattened or shallow depression |
| What is a sulcus? | Narrow groove |
| What is a crest? | Narrow, ridge like projection |
| What is a epicondyle? | Projection adjacent to a condyle |
| What is a line? | Low ridge |
| What is a process? | Any marked bone prominence |
| What is a ramus? | Angular extension of a bone relative to the rest of the structure |
| What is a spine? | Pointed, slender process? |
| What is a trochanter? | Massive, rough, projection found only on the femur |
| What is a tubercle? | A small, round projection |
| What is a tuberosity? | A large, rough, projection |
| What is a canal? | A passageway through a bone |
| What are the appendicular bones? | Shoulder Hip Extremities |
| What are the axial bones? | Skull Vertebral column thoracic cage |
| What makes up the vertebral column? | cervical (7) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) |
| Function of a tendon (skeletal muscle setup) | attaches a muscle to bone, skin, or another muscle |
| Function of epimysium (skeletal muscle setup) | surrounds the entire skeletal muscle |
| Function of perimysium (skeletal muscle setup) | surrounds the fascicles (muscle fibers) |
| Function of fascicles (skeletal muscle setup) | bundle of muscle fibers |
| Function of endomysium (skeletal muscle setup) | surrounds and electrically insulates each muscle fiber |
| Function of muscle fibers (skeletal muscle setup) | elongated cylindrical fiber containing myofibrils |
| Describe skeletal muscle | muscle that is attached to bones |
| Describe cardiac muscle | muscle cells that are arranged in thick bundles within heart wall |
| Describe smooth muscle | muscle cells that are found in walls of viscera and blood vessels |
| Organizational pattern of a fascicle (skeletal muscle setup) | contain myofibrils that are composed of myofilaments |
| Sarcolemma (microscopic skeletal muscle cell) | plasma membrane |
| T (transverse) tubule (microscopic skeletal muscle cell) | deep invaginations of the sarcolemma that extend into sarcoplasm helps stimulate contraction |
| Nuclei (microscopic skeletal muscle cell) | nucleus(s) of cell |
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum (microscopic skeletal muscle cell) | internal membrane complex stores calcium looks like cage |
| myofibrils (microscopic skeletal muscle cell) | Long and cylindrical contain myofilaments which allow contraction |
| Z discs (microscopic skeletal muscle cell) | composed of proteins that anchor thin filaments (actin) |
| Sarcomere (microscopic skeletal muscle cell) | structural and functional units within a myofibril |
| Myosin (microscopic skeletal muscle cell) | thick filament |
| Actin (microscopic skeletal muscle cell) | thin filament |
| Troponin (microscopic skeletal muscle cell) | attaches to actin(thin filament) and tropomyosin and can bind calcium |
| Tropomyosin (microscopic skeletal muscle cell) | threadlike protein covering part of actin (thick filament) |
| How are muscles named? | according to their location |
| Origin of masseter | Zygomatic arch |
| Insertion of masseter | Angle and ramus of the mandible |
| Origin of masseter | elevate jaw and bring teeth together for mastication(chewing) |
| Action of zygomaticus major | lateral surface of zygomatic bone |
| Insertion of zygomaticus major | corner of the mouth |
| Action of zygomaticus major | smiling |
| Origin of rectus femoris | Anterior inferior iliac spine |
| Insertion of rectus femoris | tibial tuberosity, patella |
| Actions of rectus femoris | Flexion of the leg and knee plantar flexion of the foot |
| Origin of the gastrocnemius | epicondyles of the femur |
| Insertion of the gastrocnemius | calcaeus |
| Action of the gastrocnemius | Arm abduction |
| Origin of deltoid | lateral clavicle and acromion process of scapula |
| Insertion of deltoid | deltoid tuberosity of humerus |
| Action of deltoid | flexor or forearm and elbow |
| Origin of brachialis | Distal anterior humerus |
| Insertion of brachialis | Medial proximal tibia |
| Action of brachialis | Flexes the knee adducts the thigh |
Created by:
mhayes13