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Pharm 1
Module 2 Flashcards
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Low Dose-Effect Curve | Measuring the response to the dose of the drug. |
| Potency | The dose of drug required to produce an effect |
| Efficacy | Related to the maximal effect of a drug regardless of dose |
| Therapeutic action/effect | The intended or desired results |
| Therapeutic range | The range between the dose causing the minimum effect and the dose causing the minimum adverse effect |
| Therapeutic index (TI) | number that determines the safety of a drug. (the greater the TI, the safer the drug) |
| Efficacy | The maximum intensity of effect or response that can be produced by a drug |
| Renal | Kidney |
| Hepatic | Liver |
| Biotransformation | The body’s way of changing a drug so that it can be more easily excreted by the kidneys. |
| Tolerance | The need for an increasingly larger dose of the drug to obtain the same effects as the original dose |
| Duration | the length of a drug’s effect |
| Half-Life | the half-life of a drug is the amount of time that passes for its concentration to fall to half (50%) of its original blood level. |
| Median effect dose (ED50) | is the dose required to produce a desired clinical effect in 50% of test subjects. A low effective dose is preferred because it means less drug is needed to achieve the desired therapeutic effect. |
| Lethal Dose (LD50) | is the amount of a substance that causes death in 50% of a test population. A lower LD means the substance is more toxic. |
| Mechanism of Action | how the drug works at a molecular or cellular level. |
| Parental Administration | administered or occurring elsewhere in the body other than the mouth and alimentary canal. Drugs bypass the GI tract. |
| Injections | includes intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal |
| Inhalation | Sometimes considered topical |
| Topical | Drug is applied to the body surface and absorbed slowly by capillaries under the skin. |
| Sublingual | Drug is placed under the tongue • Capillaries under the tongue speed up the absorption • Commonly used for nitrates (relieve cardiac conditions) |
| Intravenous | Drug directly enters the systemic circulation |
| Intramuscular | Drug is injected into muscles because of the high volume of blood flow in those areas |
| Subcutaneous | Drug is injected under the skin but not into the muscles |
| Intradermal | Drug is injected into the dermal layer (e.g., allergy testing, TB skin test) |
| Function of lipids in the cell? | Make the membrane relatively impermeable to ions and polar molecules |
| Function of proteins in the cell? | Help move the molecules across the membrane |
| What are the four main processes in pharmacokinetics? | Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion |
| What is Absorption | The way the drug moves from the site of administration, across membranes, and into the bloodstream. |
| What is distribution | Journey of the drug through the bloodstream to reach a target cell or target molecule. |
| What happens during metabolism | The drug gets modified by enzymes to render the drug ineffective. |
| What happens during excretion? | Drug is removed from body. |
| What does a topically administered drug have to pass through to get to the bloodstream? | Skin or mucous membrane, and then thru the walls of nearby blood vessels. |
| What does an orally administered drug have to pass through to get to the bloodstream? What makes absorption slower? | Through stomach lining or intestines, food makes this process slower |
| What are two ways that the drug can penetrate the cells? | Active and passive transport. |
| Define bioavailability | The proportion of a drug that is successfully absorbed into systemic circulation. |
| How can plasma protiens influence how a drug is distributed AKA moves through the blood? | Can bind too tightly to plasma proteins, preventing drug from reaching target. |
| How can this be prevented? | Administering a second drug with the first that has a higher affinity for the protein, displacing the primary drug and letting it move on. |
| What are barriers that prevent a drug from moving through organs? | Blood-brain, blood-placenta, blood-testicular |
| What class of drugs CAN cross the blood-brain barrier? | psychotropic drugs |
| Drugs taken orally will enter what system for metabolization? | Hepatic portal system |
| Where are orally taken drugs metabolized? | Liver |
| What is the first pass effect? | The first pass of a drug through the liver. |
| What does the first pass effect do to the drug? | Greatly reduces the bioavailability of the drug. |
| What must be taken into account when determining dosage? | The first pass effect. |
| What organ is heavily involved in excretion? | Kidneys. |
| Drugs that are metabolized into gases can be blank | Exhaled |
| Can drugs be excreted in bile? | Yes |
| How is bile recirculated back to the liver? | Enterohepatic recirculation |
| After going back through the liver, where does the drug go for excretion? | Kidneys |
| Pharmacokinetics | Study of how our body effects a drug |
| Pharmacodynamics | Study of how a drug effects our bodies |
| In order to have a physiological reaction on the body, most drugs have to interact with what? | A receptor protein on cell membrane or inside cell |
| Sometimes a drug acts as a blank for a receptor | ligand |
| What are the two things that can happen when drugs interact with a receptor? | The drug could be an agonist or antagonist for the receptor |
| What happens if the drug is an agonist for a receptor? | It mimics the native ligand, producing the typical physiological response |
| What happens if the drug is an antagonist for the receptor? | The drug binds to the receptor site but does not activate the receptor at all. |
| What are drugs called when they are an antagonist for a receptor? | Inhibitors or blockers |
| What effects the efficacy of a drug? | How well the drug fits into the active site, how many and what kind of interactions are being made, |
| What is crucial for a drug that acts as an inhibitor in order to have reasonable efficacy? | A high binding affinity |
| Why must a drug that acts as an inhibitor have a high binding affinity? | If the binding affinity is low, then the native ligand will displace the drug. |
| Why does an agonist need to have the same functional groups as the ligand? | In order to induce the same conformational change in the protein as the ligand, so that the protein produces the same cellular response. |
| Potency is the blank of a drug for a receptor | Affinity |
| Does a drug with high affinity/potency need a large or smaller dose? | smaller |
| Why do drugs with high affinity/potency need a smaller dose? | Most of the drug will be bound at any given time to the receptor, so very little of the drug is needed to occupy all receptors. |
| Efficacy is the blank that the drug has on the receptor | effect AKA how well it can act as an antagonist or agonist |
Created by:
Saylorlee5