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Prehistoric Life 2
quiz 2 for prehistoric life
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The Geologic time scale | The agreed system used by every geologist (internationally accepted), which is a timeline of Earth history that organizes events into a system of named intervals of geologic time. |
| 252 million years ago | 92% of life on Earth dies in a mass extinction |
| Eon | the largest defined unit of time (4 in the history of Earth) |
| Breakdown of Timescale | Eons are divided/broken down into eras, eras are broken down to periods, periods are broken down to epochs, and epochs. |
| Carboniferous period | combines the Pennsylvanian and Mississippian for people in Europe bc those are North America based. |
| 410 million years ago | Silurian period, time of the first land plants. |
| The Absolute Age Boundaries, why do they happen? | They are based on significant events in Earth history Ex: extinction events, new animals or plants, Extinction events, tectonic events etc... |
| How long ago do PA rocks date back to? | about 1 billion years ago |
| Proterozoic name | from the Greek "protero(early)-zoic(life)", meaning earlier life the rocks from this time are packed with microscopic fossils. |
| Archeon | from the Greek "Arche(beginning, origin), first fossils of living things found. |
| Phanerozoic | from the Greek :Phanero(visible)-Zoic(life) |
| Cambrian period Name | Named after Cambria Wales U.K. where 500 million year old rocks were first studied. |
| Ordovician period Name | Named after the Silures, an ancient tribe from England |
| Devonian period Name | Named after Devon England |
| Carboniferous period Name | Named after the England coal forming period |
| Mississippian Period Name | named after the River where water flows through rocks from that period |
| Permian Period Name | Named after Perm Russia |
| Triassic name | named for three clay rock layers in Germany first dinosaurs were forming. |
| Jurassic name | Named for the Jura Mountains in Switzerland |
| Cretaceous name | named for chalk deposits in Europe (shelled animals died and made this) |
| Paleogene | means the "Ancient Born", giant mammals |
| Neogene | Means the "New Born" newer mammals we would recognize today |
| Quaternary | Means the "fourth" geologic periods there arent 4 but there used to be before 2 were combined. |
| Ediacaran Period | new period added for weird fossils that are unexplainable fauna found in Australia. |
| Fossils | What we use to reconstruct the geologic time scale sequence of events on Earth, evolution of life. |
| What percent of life on Earth do fossils show? | Fossils only represent about 10% of all past life forms. About 99% of all life on Earth has gone extinct by estimates. |
| New Definition of Fossil | The evidence of a living organism preserved in a "geologic context"(means that it must be preserved naturally in an Earth Process) |
| Body Fossil | The remains of past animals/plants/microorganisms. Can be bones, sheels, wood, leaves, mold etc... From it you can still figure out what it looked like. |
| Trace Fossil | Something that you know was left by a living organism but most of the time dont know by what. The evidence of biological activity like footpeints, piece of poop, burrows, trails, root traces. |
| What is the difference between fossilized and preserved? | When something is fossilized it is no longer originally what made it up but is now stone. Preservation is when something has little to no alteration of soft tissue or bone(still has DNA and stuff). |
| What are the conditions for best fossilization | Swept into water, have hard parts (bone/shells), then have rapid burial by sediment must escape normal decay process, the water has to have a lot of minerals in it (live a spring), over time the organic material gets replaced molecule by molecule. |
| Carbonization | the soft parts of the organism were compressed and heated, driving off all of the volatile(H,N,O). A carbon film is left and the animal has been vaporized. |
| Replacement | New material replaces the original skeleton; common replacement minerals include calcite, quartz and pyrite. |
| Mold | Skeletal hard part dissolved which results in a hole in the rock. Internal molds preserve the internal structure. |
| Casts | New material fills in natural molds, making a copy of what it looks like out of stone. |
| Permineralization | Minerals deposited in pore spaces (such as in wood and bone) also called petrification. (tends to be quartz or silica). Different colored perfect copy of what the thing looked like. Preserves fine details and cell structure. |
| Gastroliths | Piles of grinded stone found in the stomachs of fossils which were to help with food digestion |
| Worm Burrows | Common in Silurian rock now fossilized named after our area "Anthropycus Alleghaneiensis" |
| Lagerstatten | Locations scattered across the Earth where sedimentary rock layers contain exceptionally well preserved and abundant fossils. |
| Solnhofen Limestone | enormous variety of well preserved fossils. Discovered 3 new species here, such as the Pterosaurs (reptiles that flew and had feathers) |
| Archaeopteryx Fossil | Found in Solnholfen, fossil bird that was from the Jurassic (had feathers). Most important fossil discovery of this class because it had claws on it's wings and teeth (feathered dinosaur). |
| Anamolocaris Fossil | Found in Burgess shale (largest animal in Cambrian Ocean) |
| 541 million Years ago | profound changes in Earths Oceans |
| Precambrian | 88% of time on Earth, and Covers the first 3 Eons. Is the most difficult to study because not a lot left to study |
| Early Hadeon Eon | Earth was subjected to "heavy bombardment" of meteors and asteroids that consisted of rock and metal remaining from the formation of planets. Unstable and impossible for life. Probably no material left from this time. |
| The Hadeon Eon | The first water and atmosphere forms on Earth. The first rocks and continents too. the first atmosphere consisted of gases leftover from the solar nebula like Hydrogen Cyanide, Carbon dioxide, Carbon Monoxide (very toxic). |
| Formation of Earth's atmosphere by volcanoes | Volcanoes on newly formed Earth surface released atmospheric gases "outgassing" volcanic releases like water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, sulfur dioxide, Nitrogen. No oxygen. Happened during the late Hadeon and pushed the toxic early atmosphere. |
| The Acasta Gneiss | the oldest known rocks; oldest known mineral grains 4.2 billion years old. |
| Jack Hills | 4.4 billion year old Zircon crystals found in Australian rock. |
| Erg chech | meteorite landed in Algeria and is dated of 4.6 billion years old which is older than Earth. |
| The Archeon Eon | Earth has continents, oceans, atmosphere. Evidence of the first living things; microbes, Algae, and bacteria live and grow within the oceans, strange giant mushroom organisms form (one of the first organized ocean life forms). |
| Archeon Eon Life | fossil evidence of bacteria are found in rocks from Greenland (3.8 Billion years old.) |
| Proterozoic Eon | 2.5 billion years ago an explosion of fossils and soft bodied life. Large oceans and stable continents. Abundant photosynthesis stromatolites begin to add oxygen to Earth's Atmosphere. |
| Stromatolites | cabbage shaped mushroom shaped organisms, living colony generic term for these organisms that grew on the floor of the ocean (mounds of algae and bacteria). 3 billion tears ago (probably longest living lineage). |
| GOE | Earth's atmosphere begins to be filled with oxygen by stromatolites. |
| Banded Iron Formations (BIF's) | Oxygen released by stromatolites combines with the high amount of iron in the Ocean. The iron oxides settle to the ocean floor forming thick layers of BIF's Banded iron formations dated back to the Proterozoic Eon 2 BYA. |
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