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Midterm review
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Argument | a group of statements in which some of them (the premises) are intended to support another of them (the conclusion) |
| Premises | the statements (reasons) given in support of another statement |
| Conclusion | The statement that premises are intended to support. |
| Inference | process of reasoning from a premise or premises to a conclusion based on those premises |
| explanation | tells us why or how something is the case |
| an arguement | gives us reasons for believing that something is the case |
| indicator words | words that signal that a premise or conclusion is present. |
| Indicator words for premise | because, in view of the fact, given that, being that, since, for, as indicated by, seeing thatt, as, for the reason that |
| Indicator words for conclusion | therefore, this, so, hence, ergo, as a result, consequently, we can conclude that |
| critical thinking | the systematic evaluation or formulation of beliefs, or statements, by rational standards |
| logic | the study of good reasoning or inference and the rules that govern it |
| statement | an assertion that something is or is not the case |
| appeal to common practice | The fallacy of accepting or rejecting a claim based solely on what groups of people generally do or how they behave (when the action or behavior is irrelevant to the truth of the claim). |
| appeal to popularity | The fallacy of arguing that a claim must be true merely because a substantial number of people believe it. |
| peer pressure | Group pressure to accept or reject a claim based solely on what one’s peers think or do. |
| stereotyping | Drawing an unwarranted conclusion or generalization about an entire group of people. |
| Implicit bias | A negative attitude toward a group of people that operates unintentionally or unconsciously. |
| motivated reasoning | Reasoning for the purpose of supporting a predetermined conclusion, not to uncover the truth. |
| Homophily | The tendency to give more credence to a statement if it comes from our friends. |
| Mere exposure effect | The idea that just being exposed repeatedly to words or images (even without registering them consciously) can induce a favorable or comfortable feeling toward them, whether or not there is any good reason for doing so. |
| illusion of truth effect | A phenomenon in which you come to believe that a false claim is actually true simply because it is familiar. |
| false consensus effect | The tendency to overestimate the degree to which other people share our opinions, attitudes, and preferences. |
| Dunning-kruger effect | The phenomenon of being ignorant of how ignorant we are |
| worldview | A philosophy of life; a set of beliefs and theories that helps us make sense of a wide range of issues in life. |
| subjective relativism | The idea that truth depends on what someone believes. |
| subjectivist fallacy | Accepting the notion of subjective relativism or using it to try to support a claim. |
| social relativism | The view that truth is relative to societies. |
| philosophical skepticism | The view that we know much less than we think we do or nothing at all. |
| philosophical skeptics | Those who embrace philosophical skepticism. |
| background information | Background information is that huge collection of very well-supported beliefs that we all rely on to inform our actions and choices. A great deal of this lore consists of basic facts about everyday things, beliefs based on very good evidence |
| background info cont | (including our own personal observations and the statements of excellent authorities), and strongly justified claims that we would regard as “common sense” or “common knowledge.” Background beliefs include obvious claims |
| fallacious appeal to authority | The fallacy of relying on the opinion of someone deemed to be an expert who in fact is not an expert. |
| expert | Someone who is more knowledgeable in a particular subject area or field than most others are. |
| gamblers fallacy | The error of thinking that previous events can affect the probabilities in the random event at hand. |
| Fake News | Deliberately false or misleading news stories that masquerade as truthful reporting. |
| reasonable skepticism | An attitude that involves giving up the habit of automatically accepting claims in the media, rejecting the questionable assumption that most of what’s said online is true, and refusing to believe a claim unless there are legitimate reasons for doing so. |
| logical fallacy | an error of reasoning that will weaken your arguement and in most cases undermine it completely |
| circular reasoning | when the arguement is restated rather than proven ex: opium is sleep inducing; opium has a sleep inducing quality |
| circular reasoning formula | A is true because B is true B is true because A is true |
| Hasty Generalization | when someone makes a sweeping statement without considering all of the facts. |
| Slippery Slope | A conclusion based on the premise that one small step will lead to a chain of events resulting in some significant event |
| Straw Man | When someone distorts an opponents clain so that it is easier to refute, or where someone tries to refute a point someone made by giving a rebuttal to a point they did not make. |
| Straw man cont | This fallacy serves to undermine an honest rational debate with unfounded claims. |
| Ad Hominem | An attack on a person's character or personal attributes in order to discredit their arguement. |
| False Dichotomy | When an arguement presents two points while disregarding or ignoring others in order to narrow the arguement in one persons favor. |
| Appeal to Emotion | When a writer or speaker uses emotion-based language to try to persuade the reader or listener of a certain belief or position |
| Equivocation | When an argument is presented in an ambiguous double-sided way making the arguement misleading |
| BandWagon Appeal | An appeal that presents the thoughts of a group of people in order to persuade someone to think the same way. |
| False Analogy | When two things that are unlike are being compared based on a trivial similarity in order to prove a point. |
Created by:
ansoremy