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Psych Unit 1
Biological bases of behavior
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Psychology | The science of behavior and mental processes. |
| Environment | Every nongenetic influence on someones behavior |
| Heredity | The genetic transfer of traits form parents to offspring |
| Natural selection | Inherited traits for survival in certain environments |
| Evolutionary psychology | The study of evolution of the mind |
| Mutation | A random error in DNA replication |
| Behavior Genetics | The study of the limit of genetic and environmental influences |
| Gene | The blueprint for DNA |
| Genome | An organisms entire collection of DNA |
| Identical Twins | From a singular fertilized egg |
| Fraternal Twins | From two fertilized egg |
| Adoption Study | Get personality from biological parents but adoptive parents help with guidance |
| Interaction | When the effect of one factor depends on another factor |
| Epigenetics | The study of molecular mechanisms influenced by the environment |
| Nervous System | The body's electromechanical communication network |
| Central Nervous System | Brain and spinal cord |
| Peripheral Nervous System | Sensory and motor neurons (Somatic, Autonomic) |
| Nerves | Bunched axons that form neural cables |
| Somatic System | Enables communication from CNS to muscles around bones |
| Autonomic System | Helps maintain homeostasis (Sympathetic, Parasympathetic) |
| Sympathetic | Energizes body, fight or flight |
| Parasympathetic | Calms body and brings back to normal state |
| Sensory Neurons (afferent) | Carry incoming messages |
| Motor Neurons (efferent) | Carry outgoing messages |
| Interneurons | Neurons within brain and spinal cord |
| Reflex | A simple automatic response to sensory stimulus |
| Neuron | A nerve cell |
| Cell Body | Part of the neuron that contains the nucleus (life support center) |
| Dendrites | Brancy extension that receive and integrate messages |
| Axon | Extension that passes messages to other neurons |
| Myelin Sheath | Cushion for axons |
| Neurotransmitters | Chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gap |
| Synapse | The junction between an axon of one cell and the dendrites of another |
| Reuptake | A neurotransmitter’s reabsorption by the sending neuron |
| Action Potential | A neural impulse |
| Threshold | The level of stimulation required to trigger |
| Refractory Period | A brief resting pause that occurs after a neuron fires |
| Glial Cells | The mothers to neuron cells |
| Endorphins | Natural opioid-like neurotransmitters (pleasure and pain control) |
| Agonist | Molecule that increases neurotransmitter's actions |
| Antagonist | Molecule that decreases neurotransmitter's actions |
| Endocrine System | The body's slow chemical communication system |
| Hormones | Chemical messengers that travel through the bloodstream and are produced by endocrine glands |
| Psychoactive Drug | A chemical substance that alters the brain |
| Tolerance | The loss of effects of a drug that is used regularly |
| Addiction | An everyday term for the excessive use of substances |
| Withdrawl | The distress that follows after quitting an addictive drug or behavior |
| Depressants | Drugs that reduce neural functions and slow body functions |
| Barbiturates | Reduces anxiety but impairs memory and judgement (depresses) |
| Opioids | Temporarily lessens pain and anxiety (depresses) |
| Stimulants | Excites neural activity and speeds up body functions |
| Hallucinogens | Drugs that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images from no sensory input |
| Biological Psychology | The study of links between biological and psychological processes |
| Biopsychosocial Approach | An approach that incorporates biology, psychology, and social-culture |
| Levels of Analysis | The different supportive views of biopsychosocial |
| Neuroplasticity | The brains ability to change (the younger you are the more neuroplasticity) |
| Lesion | Tissue destruction |
| EEG (Electroencephalogram) | A magnified recording of waves and electrical activity around the brain |
| MEG (Magnetoencephalography) | A technique used to measure the the magnetic fields of the brain |
| CT (Computed tomography) | Multiple X-ray photos taken to represent part of the brain |
| PET | A technique used to detect brain activity through radioactive glucose |
| MRI | A technique that uses radio waves and magnetic fields to produce an image of soft tissue |
| Functional MRI | A technique used to show blood flow as well as the soft tissue |
| Hindbrain | Essential survival functions ex. breathing (medulla, pons, cerebellum) |
| Brainstem | Where spinal cord swells and enters the skull, for automatic movements |
| Medulla | Brainstems base, controls heartbeat, breathing, etc. |
| Pons | Helps coordinate movement and control sleep |
| Cerebellum | The little brain that controls balance and processing sensory input |
| Midbrain | Controls partial motor movement and transmits auditory and visual information |
| Forebrain | Manages complex activities (cerebral cortex, thalamus, and hypothalamus) |
| Cerebral Cortex | The body's ultimate control center and information processing center |
| Thalamus | Directs messages to the sensory receiveing areas |
| Reticular Formation | A nerve network that travels through the brain stem which filters information |
| Limbic System | Connected to emotions and drives (amygdala, hypothalamus, and hippocampus) |
| Amygdala | Two small bean sized neural clusters linked to emotion |
| Hypothalamus | Helps maintenance activities (drinking, body temp) linked to emotion and reward (maintains homeostasis) |
| Hippocampus | Neural center that helps process conscious memories of facts and events |
| Cerebrum | Biggest part of the brian and responsible for some of the most complex functioning |
| Frontal Lobe | Involved in speaking, muscle movements, making plans, and judgement |
| Parietal Lobe | Receives sensory input for touch and body position |
| Occipital Lobe | Receives and responds to visual information |
| Temporal Lobe | Receives and responds to auditory information from opposite ears |
| Motor Cortex | Controls voluntary movements |
| Somatosensory cortex | Registers and processes touch and movement sensations |
| Association Areas | Involved in learning, remembering, speaking, and thinking |
Created by:
Mack8709