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Chapter 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Low Dose-Effect Curve | – Measuring the response to the dose of the drug |
| Potency | – The amount of drug required to produce an effect |
| Efficacy (1) | – related to the maximal effect of a drug regardless of dose |
| Therapeutic action/effect | – the intended or desired results |
| Therapeutic range | – range between the dose causing the minimum effect and the dose causing the minimum adverse effect. |
| Therapeutic index (TI) | – number that determines the safety of a drug. (the greater the TI, the safer the drug) |
| Efficacy (2) | – is the maximum intensity of effect or response that can be produced by a drug |
| Renal | Kidney |
| Hepatic | Liver |
| Biotransformation | – is the body’s way of changing a drug so that it can be more easily excreted by the kidneys |
| Tolerance | – the need for an increasingly larger dose of the drug to obtain the same effects as the original dose |
| Duration | – is the length of a drug’s effect |
| Half-Life | the half-life of a drug is the amount of time that passes for its concentration to fall to half (50%) of its original blood level |
| Median effect dose (ED50) | is the dose required to produce a desired clinical effect in 50% of test subjects. A low effective dose is preferred because it means less drug is needed to achieve the desired therapeutic effect |
| Lethal Dose (LD50) | is the amount of a substance that causes death in 50% of a test population. A lower LD means the substance is more toxic |
| ROUTES OF ADMINISTRATION two classification | Enteral and Parental Eternal - Drugs are placed directly into the GI tract by oral or rectal administration GI tract: Safest, slowest and most variable route |
| Parental def | Administered or occurring elsewhere in the body other than the mouth and alimentary canal. Parental typically refers to an injection. It also includes various injection routes Inhalation Topical administration |
| injection | includes intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous and intradermal |
| Intramuscular | Drug is injected into muscles because of the high volume of blood flow in those areas |
| Subcutaneous | Drug is injected under the skin but not into the muscles |
| Intradermal | Drug is injected into the dermal layer (e.g., allergy testing, TB skin test) |
| absoprtion | is the process by which drug molecules are transfered from site of administration to the circulating blood |
| pKa | acid dissociation constant of drugs |
| Metabolism | the body's way of changing the drug so that it can be easier to excreted by the kidney |
| how does the liver metabolizes a drug in phase I | Phase I reactions: require very little energy. Lipid soluble molecules go through this phase. They are metabolized by three processes: 1) Oxidation, 2) reduction and 3) hydrolysis |
| How does the liver metabolize the drug in phase II | Phase II reactions: Involves conjugation, most common conjugation is with glucuronic acid termed glucuronidation |
| Half-Life def | Half-Life – the half-life of a drug is the amount of time that passes for its concentration to fall to half (50%) of its original blood level |
| elimination (excretion) | Drugs and their metabolites are eliminated from the body |
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