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OSTEONS
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Long Bones | Bones that are longer than they are wide, with a shaft and two ends. |
| Short Bones | Bones that are roughly cube-shaped and nearly equal in length, width, and thickness. |
| Flat Bones | Thin, flattened, and often curved bones that provide protection and a surface for muscle attachment. |
| Irregular Bones | Bones with complex shapes that don’t fit into other categories. |
| Diaphysis | The shaft or central part of a long bone; composed mostly of compact bone. |
| Epiphysis | The rounded ends of a long bone, made mostly of spongy bone and covered with articular cartilage. |
| Epiphyseal Line | The remnant of the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) in adult bones, marking where bone growth occurred. |
| Metaphysis | The region between the diaphysis and epiphysis that contains the growth plate in growing bones. |
| Medullary Cavity | The hollow space in the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow in adults. |
| Yellow Bone Marrow | Fatty tissue found in the medullary cavity; stores energy as fat. |
| Periosteum | A dense fibrous membrane covering the outer surface of bone (except at joints); contains nerves, blood vessels, and bone-forming cells. |
| Articular Cartilage | Smooth, white tissue that covers the ends of bones at joints, reducing friction and absorbing shock. |
| Spongy Bone | Also called cancellous bone; lightweight bone tissue found in the epiphyses, made of a porous network of trabeculae. |
| Trabeculae | The irregular, lattice-like network of thin bony plates in spongy bone; provides strength and supports red bone marrow. |
| Red Bone Marrow | Found in the trabecular spaces of spongy bone; site of blood cell production (hematopoiesis). |
| Compact Bone | Dense, solid bone that forms the outer layer of bones and provides strength and protection. |
| Osteon | The structural unit of compact bone, consisting of concentric lamellae arranged around a central canal. |
| Haversian Canal | The central channel within an osteon that contains blood vessels and nerves. |
| Osteocyte | A mature bone cell that maintains the bone matrix; found in lacunae. |
| Osteoblast | A bone-forming cell responsible for synthesizing and secreting the bone matrix. |
| Osteoclast | A large bone cell that breaks down bone tissue during growth and healing (bone resorption). |
| Canaliculi | Tiny channels connecting lacunae to each other and to the Haversian canal; allow nutrient and waste exchange between osteocytes. |
| Lamellae | Concentric rings of bone matrix in an osteon that surround the Haversian canal. |
| Endosteum | A thin membrane lining the inner surface of the medullary cavity and spaces in spongy bone; contains bone-forming cells. |
| Lacuna | Small spaces between the lamellae that contain osteocytes. |
| Blood Vessels | Tubes (arteries and veins) that supply oxygen and nutrients to bone and remove waste products. |
| Arterioles | Small branches of arteries that lead into capillaries; deliver oxygen-rich blood to bone tissue. |
| Venules | Small veins that collect blood from capillaries and return deoxygenated blood from bone to the heart. |
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