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Death Invest Quiz 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Death investigations in Ontario are led by | the Office of the Chief Coroner and the Ontario Forensic Pathology Service. |
| A coroner with the assistance of the forensic pathologist must answer five questions when investigating a death | Who •When •Where •How •By what means |
| Reportable Deaths Section 10 – Coroners Act | occur suddenly, construction site, while in custody, use of force by officers, accident/suicide/homicide |
| The police force having jurisdiction in the area in which a body is found shall | make available to a coroner the assistance of such police officers as are necessary for the purpose of carrying out the coroner’s duties |
| DIOC | Death Investigation Oversight Council |
| DIOC was created in | 2010 as a result of the injury into pediatric forensic pathology in Ontario |
| 5 manners of death | Natural Accidental Suicide Homicide Undetermined (not conclusive enough / or equally conclusive toward two or more causes |
| Cause of Death | is the injury or disease responsible for the pathological and physiological disturbances that resulted in death |
| Manner of death | The manner of death refers to the circumstances under which the cause of death occurred. |
| Time of Death Determination – Factors that help in estimating the time of death include: | • Hypostasis, post-mortem lividity, livor mortis, rigor mortis, algor mortis, vitreous draw, appearances of the eyes, stomach contents, stage of decomposition |
| post-mortem interval (PMI): | the time that has elapsed since a person has died |
| Four Pillars of Death Investigations | Crime scene investigation, police investigation, clinical history, post mortem exam |
| Homicide Squad Structure | Cold Case Unit Major Case Management Forensic Video Unit Missing Persons Investigative Response Teams |
| What Drives Cold Case Investigations? | Re-submission of fingerprint evidence to AFIS Uncooperative eyewitnesses, have they had a change of heart? Advances in DNA testing (ie – Genetic Geneaology) DNA testing that has not been implemented on historical cases |
| Problems To Be Considered | Degradation Contamination Lost/Missing evidence case files audio/videos Investigator notes Media |
| How Do You Solve a Cold Case? | Changes in science Changes in relationships Perseverance Slowly and methodically |
| Ballistics | the analysis of a projectile in motion |
| Internal ballistics | what is happening to the bullet within the firearm |
| External ballistics | what is happening to the bullet when it leaves the muzzle |
| Terminal ballistics | what happens when a bullet strikes a target |
| Role of firearm scientist | Exam & classification of firearms, ammunition & related components, function & safety testing, Firearms ID, microscopic exam of fired ammunition components, Distance, Shooting scene exam & trajectory, provide expert witness testimony in court |
| Criminal code of canada defines a firearm as | a barreled weapon from which any shot, bullet can be discharged & that is capable of causing serious bodily injury or death to a person includes anything that can be adapted for use as a firearm |
| the code further defines prohibited devices as | antiques, imitation, and replicas |
| Firearm action types | pump, semi automatic, lever, bolt, multi barrel and single shot |
| Revolvers come in | single action and double action |
| Single action: | An action requiring the manual cocking of the hammer before sufficient pressure on the trigger releases the firing mechanism |
| Double action: | A handgun mechanism in which a single pull of the trigger cocks and releases the hammer |
| pistols | A handgun in which the chamber is part of the barrel |
| Pistol action types include | semi-automatic and full-automatic |
| Semi-automatic: | A repeating firearm requiring a separate pull of the trigger for each shot fired, and which uses the energy of discharge to perform a portion of the operating cycle. Most modern pistols are based on the Browning Short Recoil design |
| Full-automatic: | A firearm design that continually fires as long as the trigger is fully depressed and there are cartridges in the feed system |
| Striker Action: | A hammer-less pistol that cocks and fires the striker by manipulation of the trigger and/or slide |
| Long arms | A firearm fitted with a stock and designed to be used while held with both hands and supported by a shoulder. ➢Includes rifles and shotgun |
| Rifle | ➢Has rifling in the bore and is designed to be fired from the shoulder. ➢May be referred to as a “Carbine” – barrel length of less than 16 inches |
| shotgun | A firearm with a smooth bore (no rifling) designed to fires shotshells containing numerous pellets or a single projectile (slug) |
| shotguns vs rifles | main difference is rifling, shotguns normally do not have rifling |
| Rifling | rifles and pistols have a series a of grooves cut in a spiral pattern down the interior of the barrel |
| Some common rifle action types include | lever action, bolt action, pump action, semi automatic, full automatic, sub machine gun |
| Bolt action | the breech closure Is in line with the bore at all times, manually moved forward & back to load, unload and cock, locked in place by lugs in the bolt engaging features, Cartridges manually loaded/unloaded from the chamber through manipulation of the bolt |
| Lever action | A design wherein the breech mechanism is cycled by an external lever, generally below the receiver. The cartridge/cartridge case is loaded/unloaded by manipulation of the lever. |
| Pump Action: | A rifle or shotgun which uses action bars to manually extract, eject and feed cartridges from an internal or external magazine. May have an internal or external hammer. |
| Semi-Automatic: | Similar to pistols, most of these rifles use recoil energy to cycle the action to perform the functions of extract, eject and feed cartridges. Some rifles utilize the gas energy of a fired cartridge to perform these functions. |
| Full-Automatic | Continually fires as long as the trigger is depressed and ammunition is available. These rifles are fed by external magazines. • Have a Selector Lever allowing the shooter to choose firing mode (Semi / Full / Burst) |
| Sub machinegun | A fully automatic firearm that is chambered for a cartridge designed to be fired in a handgun. • The “sub” may refer to a projectile that travels at subsonic velocity (≤ 1126 ft/sec) |
| Firearm examination | Test firing the Item • Firearm/Firearm components examination, including barrels, magazines, suppressors |
| The CCC defines ammunition as | A cartridge containing a projectile designed to be discharged from a firearm, and without restricting the generality of the foregoing, includes a caseless cartridge and a shot shell. |
| • There are three main types of ammunition: | • Rimfire - Primer is in the rim of the cartridge e.g. 22 LR • Centrefire - Primer is a separate self-contained component in the centre of the base of the cartridge. • Shotshell - Typically also centrefire |
| Cartridge | A complete unit of ammunition consisting of a primer, case, propellant, and a projectile |
| Headstamp: | An easy way to identify the specific calibre of a cartridge, consists of #s, letters, and/or symbols stamped into head of a cartridge or shotshell case. For shotshells, the length of the case is found on the case body, It ID's the calibre & manufacturer |
| Impressed | Force applied approximately perpendicular to the plane being marked |
| Striated | Force applied approximately parallel to the plane being marked |
| the chamber is | part of the barrel |
| marks on a cartridge case | firing pin impression, firing pin aperture shear, breech face marks, ejector mark |
| rifling consists of | lands and grooves |
| Identification – | Agreement of a combination of individual characteristics and all discernable class characteristics |
| Principles of the AFTE Theory of Identification | Agreement of individual characteristics of quality and quantity such that the likelihood another tool could have produced them is so remote as to be considered a practical impossibility |
| Inconclusive – | Agreement of all discernable class characteristics without agreement or disagreement of individual characteristics - due to an absence, insufficiency or lack of reproducibility |
| Elimination – | Significant disagreement of discernable class characteristics and/or individual characteristics |
| IBIS | Integrated ballistics identification system |
| CIBIN | Canadian integrated ballistics identification network |
| NIBIN | National Integrated Ballistic Information Network |
| FDR | firearm discharge residue |
| FDR may be | deposited on the target & its pattern can be used to estimate how far away the muzzle of the firearm was from the target. A number of variables affect distance determination |
| centimorgans | unit of measurement used to estimate distance between 2 positions on a chromosone |
| hobby dna test can show relatives as far back as | 6-8 generations |
| 1st cousins | share the same set of grandparents |
| 2nd cousins | share the same set of great grandparents |
| 1st cousin once removed is either | your 1st cousins kids or you parents 1st cousins |
| once removed refers to | 1 generation either older or younger. |
| parents and their children share about | 3500 cM |
| the more cM you share with someone | the closer you're related |
| children and grandparents share approx | 1750 cM |
| children and great grandparents share about | 887 cM |
| approx cm shared with aunt/uncle | 1750 |
| siblings share approx | 2613 |
| 1st cousins share approx | 433 |
| endogamy | is the cultural practice of marrying within a specific social group, religious denomination, caste, or ethnic group |
| other factors effecting cM numbers | incest, twins/triples |
| Parked Cases | ● Roughly one in four cases have the DNA sequenced and uploaded but have too few or too distant “workable” matches and are thus parked until a better match appears |
| Admixture is a scientific term for. | the ethnicity estimate percentages you receive from a DNA company like Ancestry, 23andMe, and MyHeritage |
| STEP 1 | upload from crime scene to zip file |
| In step 1 - | DNA from a crime scene or an UHR is sent to the Centre of Forensic Science to create an STR, or short tandem repeat DNA profile. |
| in step 1 | The kit is uploaded to both the GEDmatchPro and FamilyTreeDNA website databases where it can be viewed by the IGG team. |
| STEP 2 | checking ethnicity estimate |
| STEP 3 | working the match list |
| in step 3 | Top matches are compared using the Bettinger chart, which estimates relationship likelihood based on shared DNA measured in centimorgans (cM |
| Which matches can IGG practitioners see on Gedmatch? | People opted in will match suspect DNA kits. People opted out will not. ● Everyone will match unidentified human remains cases, whether opted in or out. |
| STEP 4 | grouping matches |
| STEP 5 | tree building |
| in step 5 | start by creating a tether tree so that all matches and all family members and ancestors are located on the same tree. The tree is marked “private” and “unsearchable” needs to be created about a month before populating to make sure it’s not searchable! |
| STEP 6 | Finding Common Ancestors and connecting unrelated match groups |
| A family tree is built out for each match using | the records found online as well as the trees that others have built and made publicly viewable. |
| Ancestry.ca provides easy access to | millions of public records such as censuses, birth, marriage, death records, military, wills, etc |
| Other sources of information: | ○ Epieos.com ○ Wikitree ○ Familysearch.com ○ Proquest, Newspaper Archives, Newspapers.com - all good for obituaries ○ Social Media – Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn ○ 411.ca ○ The Vital Statistics database |
| once id person of interest IGG | stops and turns back to police investigation |
| STEP 7 | once there is poi |
| once person of interest id | get discard samples to rule them in or out for UHR get close relative to do comparison |
| sex offences by women are about | 2% |
| paraphilia | A persistent sexual interest – reflected in thoughts, urges, fantasies, sexual arousal, - in a particular target or activity |
| fire definition | A rapid oxidation process, which is an exothermic chemical reaction resulting in the evolution of light and heat in varying intensities |
| fire triangle | heat, oxygen, fuel |
| fire and death causation | 1. cause of death 2. cause of fire 3. conditions under which both occurred |
| incineration | requires temps. 900-1100 Celsius for 1-2hrs. |
| HRR | heat release rate |
| post mortem exam includes | Fire pattern physical evidence (Victim, clothing, personal items) COD Determination Provide information to FP in relation to fire investigation Collection of physical evidence (Clothing, lung tissue, other evidentiary items) |
Created by:
skyep25