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Stats week one
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Blinding | Not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving |
| Average | Also called a mean; a number that describes the central tendency of the data |
| Categorical Variable | Variables that take on values that are names or labels |
| Cluster Sampling | A method for selecting a random sample and dividing the population into groups. Use simple random sampling to select a set of ( ) Every individual in the choosen ( ) is included in the sample |
| Continuous Random Variable | A random variable[e (RV) whose outcomes are measured; The height of trees in the forest is a continuous RV. |
| Control Group | A group in a randomized experiment that receives an inactive treatment but is other wise managed exactly as the other groups |
| Convenience Sampling | A nonrandomized method of selecting a sample. This method selects individuals that are easily accessible and may result in biased data. |
| Cumulative relative frequency | The term applies to an ordered set of observations from smallest to largest. The cumulative relative frequency is the sum of the relative frequencies for all values that are less than or equal to the given value. |
| Data | Data is a set of observations that can be qualitative (described by labels) or quantitative (described by numbers). Quantitative data is either discrete (from counting) or continuous (from measuring). |
| Discrete Random Variable | a random variable (RV) whose outcomes are counted |
| Double-blinding | the act of blinding both the subjects of an experiment and the researchers who work with the subjects |
| Experimental Unit | any individual or object to be measured |
| Explanatory Variable | the independent variable in an experiment; the value controlled by researchers |
| Frequency | the number of times a value of the data occurs |
| Informed Consent | Research participants must be fully informed of all risks, treatments, and benefits, and must give voluntary, informed consent. |
| Institutional Review Board | a committee tasked with oversight of research programs that involve human subjects |
| Lurking Variable | a variable that has an effect on a study even though it is neither an explanatory variable nor a response variable |
| Nonsampling Error | refers to reliability issues in data caused by human mistakes like poor study design, bias, inaccurate responses, data entry errors, or flawed analysis. |
| Numerical Variable | variables that take on values that are indicated by numbers |
| Parameter | a number that is used to represent a population characteristic and that generally cannot be determined easily |
| Placebo | an inactive treatment that has no real effect on the explanatory variable |
| Population | all individuals, objects, or measurements whose properties are being studied |
| Probability | a number between zero and one, inclusive, that gives the likelihood that a specific event will occur |
| Proportion | the number of successes divided by the total number in the sample |
| Random Assignment | the act of organizing experimental units into treatment groups using random methods |
| Random Sampling | a method of selecting a sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected |
| Relative Frequency | the ratio of the number of times a value of the data occurs in the set of all outcomes to the number of all outcomes to the total number of outcomes |
| Representative Sample | a subset of the population that has the same characteristics as the population |
| Response Variable | the dependent variable in an experiment; the value that is measured for change at the end of an experiment |
| Sample | a subset of the population studied |
| Sampling Bias | not all members of the population are equally likely to be selected |
| Sampling Error | the natural variation that results from selecting a sample to represent a larger population; this variation decreases as the sample size increases, so selecting larger samples reduces sampling error. |
| Sampling with Replacement | Once a member of the population is selected for inclusion in a sample, that member is returned to the population for the selection of the next individual. |
| Sampling without Replacement | A member of the population may be chosen for inclusion in a sample only once. If chosen, the member is not returned to the population before the next selection. |
| Simple Random Sampling | a straightforward method for selecting a random sample; give each member of the population a number. Use a random number generator to select a set of labels. These randomly selected labels identify the members of your sample. |
| Statistic | a numerical characteristic of the sample; a statistic estimates the corresponding population parameter. |
| Stratified Sampling | a method for selecting a random sample used to ensure that subgroups of the population are represented adequately; divide the population into groups (strata). Use simple random sampling to identify a proportionate number of individuals from each stratum. |
| Systematic Sampling | sampling involves listing the population, randomly choosing a starting point, and then selecting individuals at regular intervals until the sample is complete. |
| Treatments | different values or components of the explanatory variable applied in an experiment |
| Variable | a characteristic of interest for each person or object in a population |
| Box plot | a graph that gives a quick picture of the middle 50% of the data |
| First Quartile | the value that is the median of the of the lower half of the ordered data set |
| Frequency Polygon | looks like a line graph but uses intervals to display ranges of large amounts of data |
| Frequency Table | a data representation in which grouped data is displayed along with the corresponding frequencies |
| Frequency | the number of times a value of the data occurs |
| Histogram | a graphical representation in x-y form of the distribution of data in a data set; x represents the data and y represents the frequency, or relative frequency. The graph consists of contiguous rectangles. |
| Interquartile Range or IQR | is the range of the middle 50 percent of the data values; the IQR is found by subtracting the first quartile from the third quartile. |
| Interval | also called a class interval; an interval represents a range of data and is used when displaying large data sets |
| Mean | a number that measures the central tendency of the data; a common name for mean is "average." The term 'mean' is a shortened form of 'arithmetic mean.' â |
| Median | a number that separates ordered data into halves; half the values are the same number or smaller than the median and half the values are the same number or larger than the median. The median may or may not be part of the data. |
| Midpoint | the mean of an interval in a frequency table |
| Mode | the value that appears most frequently in a set of data |
| Outlier | an observation that does not fit the rest of the data |
| Paired Data Set | two data sets that have a one-to-one relationship so that: both data sets are the same size, and each data point in one data set is matched with exactly one point from the other set. |
| Percentile | a number that divides ordered data into hundredths; percentiles may or may not be part of the data. The median of the data is the second quartile and the 50th percentile. The first and third quartiles are the 25th and the 75th percentiles, respectively. |
| Quartiles | the numbers that separate the data into quarters; quartiles may or may not be part of the data. The second quartile is the median of the data. |
| Relative Frequency | the ratio of the number of times a value of the data occurs in the set of all outcomes to the number of all outcomes |
| Skewed | used to describe data that is not symmetrical; when the right side of a graph looks "chopped off" compared to the left side, we say it is "skewed to the left." |
| Standard Deviation | a number that is equal to the square root of the variance and measures how far data values are from their mean; notation: s for sample standard deviation and Ï for population standard deviation. |
| Variance | mean of the squared deviations from the mean, or the square of the standard deviation |
Created by:
Producer456