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Chem test
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| atom | the simplest particle of matter to retain the properties of an element (fundamental matter), made up of subatomic particles |
| protons | subatomic particle, positively charged located in the nucleus |
| neutrons | subatomic particle, electrically neutral located in the nucleus |
| electrons | negatively charged located outside the nucleus |
| Thompson's Experiment (Cathode Ray Tube) | matter is composed of smaller charged particles |
| Rutherford Experiment (alpha particles bombarding gold foil) | composed of mostly empty space, most of the mass is located in a very small, dense nucleus, nucleons make up most of mass |
| nucleons | protons and neutrons |
| Bohr Model (Solar System Model), Neil’s Bohr | electrons move about the nucleus in shells (orbits), based off of Ernest Rutherfords atomic model, speed of electron prevents it being pulled to nucleus, shells closest to the nucleus have the lowest energy |
| Heinsenberg and Schodinger (Electron Cloud Model) | cannot know both the exact position and momentum of an electron, shells are called principal energy levels, electrons exist in regions of probability called clouds |
| Atomic Number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, all atoms of the same element must have the same number of protons, the number of protons in the nucleus cannot change under ordinary conditions |
| atomic mass | protons plus neutrons in the nucleus (number of nucleons), may vary for a given element, values on periodic table are averages of all naturally occurring isotopes based abundance |
| isotope | atoms of the same element with a different atomic mass, same number of protons, number of electrons, and atomic number, different atomic mass due to different numbers of neutrons |
| chemistry | the study of the composition and structure of matter, the properties of matter, and the energy involved in changing matter |
| matter | anything that has mass and takes up space (volume), homogeneous, heterogeneous |
| composition | what type of atoms/ molecules make up a sample of matter |
| structure | how the atoms are arranged in a sample of matter |
| properties | a set of characteristics exhibited by matter, all matter has its own set of these |
| physical properties | descriptive (involve no change in structure or identity) |
| chemical properties | behavioral (must involve a change in structure and identity) |
| physical changes | changes the appearance of the sample of matter but not its identity (composition), examples include changes in size, shape or phase |
| chemical changes | involve the rearrangement of the particles of matter to produce a new substance of new chemical composition, signs of a this change include color/odor change, production if gas/solid product, energy (heat/light) |
| extensive properties | depend upon amount, ex. mass and volume |
| intensive properties | do not depend upon amount (independent), ex. density, melting point, boiling point, ability to conduct heat and electricity |
| pure substances | a specific type of matter with its own composition, structure, and properties, includes both elements and compounds |
| elements | simplest building blocks of matter, composed of only one type of atom, cannot be decomposed (broken down) by ordinary chemical change |
| compounds | two or more different elements chemically combined in a constant (fixed) ratio by mass, usually composed of molecules or ions, can be decomposed chemically |
| mixtures | two or more substances physically combined, composed of more than one type of particle (substance) |
| law of conversation of matter | atoms can not be created nor destroyed during chemical or physical changes, the atoms are just rearranged (the total number and type of atoms in the universe in constant) |
| electromagnetic radiation | energy which travels through space in a wave like manner, at the speed of light |
| wavelength | the distance between two consecutive peaks or troughs on a wave |
| frequency | the number of waves or cycles per second that pass a given point a space |
| amplitude | the height of the wave |
| quantum theory | proposed by Max Planck, energy is no longer continuous, it is gained or lost in small bundles called quanta (quantity) |
| wave-particles duality | electrons are particles that move with wave properties |
| bright-line spectra | a discontinuous spectrum of individual bands of color produced when atoms are exposed to energy sources, such as heat or electricity, the light is emmitted when excited electrons return to the ground state |
| bright-line spectra | each element has its own characteristics in this which can be used to identify the element, experimentally supported Planck's Quantum Theory |
| the bohr model | electrons can absorb energy and jump tp higher energy shells (excited state), when electrons return to the ground state they emit (release) energy in the form of light (bright-line spectrum) |
| nuclear charge | the nucleus contains positive protons and neutral neutrons, therefore the overall charge is positive |
| bohr-electron configuration | listed below each element on the periodic table giving the number of electrons in each shell |
| valence shell | the outermost shell of the atom (can never contain more that 8 electrons, octet rule), the properties of an element are based upon the number of these electrons in an atom |
| electron dot diagrams | the symbol of the atom represents the nucleus and kernel (inner) electrons, dots are used to represent the valence electrons |
| excited electron configuration | electrons jump to higher states as they absorb energy |
| ions | atoms which have acquired a charge due to gaining or losing electrons to take on a noble gas electron cofniguarion (full octet), ionic charge is written in the upper right hand corner of the elements symbol |
| cations | positive ions formed by losing electrons (metals)(piles) |
| anions | negative ions formed by gaining electrons, ions name ends in -ide (nonmetals)(nigel) |
| electron dot diagrams for ions | symbol is placed in a bracket, the dots represent the electrons in the previous valence shell after gaining or losing electrons |
| Heisenberg uncertainty principle | it is impossible to know both the exact location and exact speed (energy) of an electron, the more precisely you know one, the less you know about the other |
| wave mechanical model of the atom | electron clouds called orbitals are regions of probability for finding an electron, the size and shape of an orbital is a function of an electron's energy, it takes a set of 4 quantum numbers to accurately describe the probability of one electron |
| paulii exclusion principle | no two electrons can have the same set of 4 quantum numbers, principle energy level, sublevel, orbital, spin number |
| principle energy level, paulli exclusion principle | give the general distance an electron is from the nucleus, whole number values, each principal energy level is composed of one or more sub levels, each principal energy level contains it own number of sub levels |
| sublevel, paulii exclusion principal | gives the shape of the electron cloud, given letter designations, energy increases, each sublevel has a specific shape and can contain up to a maximum number of electrons |
| orbital, paulii excluson principal | gives the orientation (plane) in space of the electron cloud, can hold a maximum of 2 electrons, represented as boxes, Hund's rule: for orbitals of the same energy, maximize the number of unpaired electrons |
| spin number, paulii exclusion principal | electrons in the same orbital spin in opposite directions, electrons are represented as arrows |
Created by:
27fierteko