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EXAM 2 STUDY PREP
Sectional Anatomy
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which hormone stimulates the gallbladder to contract and the sphincter of Oddi to relax? | Cholecystokinin |
| What technique may the sonographer employ to help visualize the fundus of a gallbladder that is obscured by bowel gas? | Change the patient's position or angle the transducer |
| What sonographer landmarks are used to locate the pancreas? | Blood vessels |
| What structure connects the gallbladder to the common hepatic duct? | Cystic duct |
| Which ligament is used to define the caudate lobe of the liver? | Ligamentum venosum |
| What are the two small, circular, anechoic structures located in the head of the normal pancreas? | Gastroduodenal artery and common bile duct |
| Which term indicates the part of the liver where the portal vein and hepatic artery enter the liver and the common bile duct exits the liver? | Porta hepatis |
| Which ligament courses through the lower margin of the falciform ligament? | Round ligament |
| How many vascular networks are within the liver? | Hepatic Veins, Proper hepatic artery, & Portal veins (3) |
| What are the parenchymal cells of the liver? | Hepatocytes |
| What structure separates the renal pyramids? | Columns of Bertin |
| Which term is used in describing the destruction/removal of degenerating red blood cells by the red pulp within the spleen? | Phagocytosis |
| Which two lab tests measure the kidney's capacity to remove the byproducts of metabolism? | BUN, creatinine |
| What are the three divisions of the small bowel? | Duodenum, jejunum, ileum |
| What is the functional unit of the kidney? | Nephron |
| What organ is located anterior to the stomach? | Left lobe of the liver |
| What tissue type primarily comprises the splenic make-up? | Lymphoid |
| To which part of the colon is the vermiform appendix attached? | Cecum |
| During a routine renal examination, the sonographer can't locate the left kidney. What other areas of the body should be examined? | Pelvis |
| Which part of the kidney moves urine into the minor calyces? | Medullary pyramids |
| What is the term used when referring to non-mechanical blockage of bowel? | Ileum |
| The normal adult kidney measures ? cm in length | 9-12 |
| How much longer is the male urethra when compared to the length of the female urethra? | Approximately 5.0 times longer |
| Which term best describes "the maintenance of normal body physiology?" | Homeostasis |
| Around the fifth week of development, the embryonic kidneys lie in the ? body cavity | Pelvic |
| What best defines the term hematopoiesis? | Formation of blood cells |
| What gives the colon its segmented appearance? | Haustra |
| What is the most common reason for ultrasound examination of the spleen? | Enlargement |
| What is another name for the renal fascia, the membrane that surrounds the kidney and the perirenal fat? | Gerota's fascia |
| Why does the renal sinus and a normal kidney appear echogenic? | The fibrous fatty tissue |
| What is another name for the gastrointestinal tract? | Alimentary canal |
| Failure of the testicles to descend into the scrotal sac is known as? | Cryptochordism |
| What is venous pampiniform plexus? | Veins that drain the testes |
| What is another name for fibrosis of the penis? | Peyronie's |
| Where are the seminal vesicles located? | Posterior to the bladder and superior to the prostate |
| In which area of the prostate gland does most pathology occur? | Glandular |
| What is believed to be the purpose of the secretions that the prostate gland secretes into semen? | Neutralization of acidic environment |
| What is the function of Denonvilliers' fascia? | Separates the prostate posteriorly from the rectum |
| What is the name of the tough, fibrous loosely applied skin tissue that envelops the penis? | Buck's fascia |
| The prostate gland is different from most other organs in that it may enlarge with advancing age. What can cause this enlargement of the organ? | Prostatitis, malignant tumors, and other causes |
| What is the name of the echogenic line seen in a long axis image of the testicle? | Mediastinum |
| According to C & T, a mature Graffian follicle should measure approximately ? in diameter | 2cm |
| What two factors have a major influence on the size and shape of the uterus? | Age, parity |
| What group of muscles form a hammock across the floor of the true pelvis? | Levator ani |
| What is the most common congential malformation of the female genital tract? | Bicornuate uterus |
| What part of the ovary is responsible for oogenesis? | Peripheral cortex |
| How many distinct muscular layers of the myometrium are identified? | 3 |
| Where is the endometrial canal (uterine cavity or cave) the widest? | Uterine fundus |
| Which hormones stimulate the endometrium to grow in preparation for a possible pregnancy? | Estrogen and progesterone |
| What is the normal ovarian volume during a female's reproductive years (about 15-55 years of age)? | 6.8 mL |
| The internal cervical os is difficult to visualize transabdominally. However, it may easily be identified during? | Pregnancy |
| True or false: The linea alba is an imaginary arcuate line that separates the true and false pelvis? | False |
| True or False: The endometrium is widest at the level of the cervix | False |
| The 3 main tributaries to the portal confluence are? | Splenic vein, inferior mesenteric vein, and the superior mesenteric vein |
| The IMV drains into what? | Splenic vein |
| What structure is anterior to the portal confluence? | Pancreas neck & some of body |
| What is the name of the cells designed to protect the hepatocytes? | Kupffer cells |
| Livers main functions? | Detoxification and metabolism |
| Spectral doppler waveform of main portal vein? | Monophasic and above the baseline (hepatopetal) |
| Spectral doppler waveform of a hepatic vein wave form? | Triphasic flow, two towards and one away |
| Main hepatic arterial flow? | Above baseline & biphasic (low resistance) low systolic peak, a lot of forward flow in diastole |
| What is the name of the fibrous capsule that encloses the liver? | Glisson's capsule |
| What vasculature leaves the liver? | Hepatic vein |
| What causes the portal veins echogenic walls? | The collagen making them thicker |
| Which vasculature supplies the liver with more blood? | Portal vein |
| The hepatic artery and common bile duct course ? to the portal veins at the level of the porta hepatic | Anterior |
| How can you differentiate between the hepatic artery and the common bile duct? | Color doppler |
| What is the main pancreatic duct called? | Duct of Wirsung |
| What is the name of the accessory pancreatic duct? | Duct of Santorini |
| Which vessel courses anteriolateral to the head of the pancreas? | Gastroduodenal artery |
| Which structure courses posteriolateral to the head of the pancreas? | Common bile duct |
| What hormone causes the gallbladder to contract after ingestion of fats? | Cholecystokinin |
| Which organ is associated with amylase and lipase? | Pancreas |
| The route of bile secretion directly from the liver to the gallbladder is via the? | Cystic duct |
| What are the structures within the cystic duct that allow it to be a two way street of coming in and out of the gallbladder? | Spiral valves of heister |
| Beta cells in the pancreas produce what hormone? | Insulin |
| True or False: the pancreas is both an endocrine and exocrine gland | True |
| What is the pancreas's endocrine function? | To produce certain hormones like insulin (brings down blood sugar) also uses glucagon to bring blood sugar up |
| What is the pancreas's exocrine function? | Enzymes: Amylase and lipase that deal with digestion |
| Columns of Bertin separate what within the kidney? | Renal pyramids |
| What is the route of urine that's produced in the kidney | Produced in the medullary portion of the kidney, then moves to minor calyce, then moves to major calyx to move to renal pelvis where the ureter is so it can leave via the ureter |
| Which prostate zone is the largest? 70% | Peripheral |
| Tough, fibrous tissues that encloses penile corpus spongiosum and the two corpora cavernosa | Buck's fascia |
| True or false: The prostate gland gets smaller with age, like ovaries in a female | False |
| The renal sinus appears ? sonographically | Hyperechoic |
| What causes the renal sinus to be hyperechoic? | Fibrous, fatty tissue |
| What is a normal kidney length? | 9-12cm |
| The left lobe of the liver is located ? to the stomach | Anterior |
| What two factors have a MAJOR influence on the size and shape of the uterus? | Age and parity |
| What could have an influence on the size and shape of the uterus? | Uterine position and congenital anomalies |
| Which ligament helps provide rigid support for the cervix? True ligament | Cardinal ligament |
| Double folds of the peritoneum that help support the uterus and ovaries, not a true ligament | Broad ligament |
| Where in the uterus does the fallopian tube pass through the uterine wall and communicate with the uterine cavity? | Uterine cornua |
| Gerota's fascia surrounds what organ? | Kidney |
| How many tissues are there immediately surrounding the kidney? | 4 |
| Why are there so many layers directly surrounding the kidney? | Protecting them from trauma and infection |
| What is the branching of the arteries in the kidneys once you get in the renal pyramids? | Interlobar artery (go up sides of pyramid), arcuate artery (go across base of triangle), then interlobular artery (go out into tinier branches into cortex to support loops of henle and nephrons for filtration |
| Kidney muscle layers | Pararenal fat, Gerota's fascia, Perirenal fat capsule, fibrous capsule |
| Splenic volume | 60-200 mL |
| Splenomegaly caused by? | Portal hypertension |
Created by:
marissagirl