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Cell Membrane
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Cell Membrane | consists of a hydrophobic tail and a hydrophilic head |
| Membrane Proteins | Integral & Peripheral |
| Integral Protein | embedded w/ plasma membrane; removing it led to destroying PM; has 2 access |
| Peripheral protein | one side of PM; removing won't destruct PM |
| Types of Cytoplasmic Organelles | ER, Golgi apparatus, & Vesicles; also called as the endomembrane system |
| Mitochondria | Bean-shaped organelle; converts energy to store into ATP |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) | provides passage throughout much of the cell with nuclear membrane that works in transporting, synthesizing, and & storing materials |
| Rough ER | dotted w/ ribosomes; for protein synthesis and cell export |
| Smooth ER | stores & regulate Ca++ concentration; metabolize some carb; detoxify |
| Golgi Apparatus | sort, modify, ship off products from ER; produces lysosomes; squiggly lines |
| Lysosomes | organelle containing digestive enzymes that break some organic compounds down, ex: toxins from outside the cell; small circle membrane |
| Peroxisomes | Specialized lysosomes dealing mainly w/ toxins and lipid metabolism; located mainly in liver cells |
| Major Cell Cycle | Interphase & Cell Division |
| Interphase | Phase where the cell isn't dividing |
| G1 | growth phase in the cell cycle & normal cell activities |
| S phase | DNA replication |
| G2 | cell growing continuation and preparing for mitosis |
| Mitosis | PMAT & Cytokinesis |
| Protein Synthesis | process of genetic info in DNA converted to proteins |
| Transcription | type of protein synthesis in the nucleus; converted into messenger RNA (mRNA) by RNA polymerase (enzyme) |
| Translation | type of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm; converted into amino acid sequence by ribosomes |
| cell | smallest unit of life |
| organelles | tiny functioning units |
| cytoplasm | Water-based cellular fluid together with organelles |
| Membrane Proteins | Responsible for transports; cell recognition & identification |
| nucleus | Cell’s control center; stores DNA, directs protein production, has nuclear envelope with pores; DNA = chromatin |
| Chromatin | condenses into chromosomes during division |
| plasma membrane | Double phospholipid layer; selectively permeable boundary between cell interior and external environment. |
| Ribosomes | Site of protein synthesis; made of two rRNA subunits that wrap around mRNA for translation. Found on rough ER or free in cytoplasm. |
| Cytoskeleton | Fibrous protein network; maintains cell shape, supports structure, enables motility, reproduction, and intracellular transport; thin lines |
| Centriole | Paired microtubule structures; organize microtubules and assist in DNA separation during cell division.; look like those 3d shape pasta |
| RBCs | Anucleated, numerous, biconcave; Carry O₂; no nucleus allows more hemoglobin; shape increases surface area for efficient gas diffusion. |
| Sperm Cell | Streamlined head, little cytoplasm, flagellum. |
| Smooth muscle | No striations; spindle-shaped cells with central nucleus. |
| Simple Squamous Epithelium | Wide, flat cells; cover large area; thin structure allows efficient gas exchange in lungs. |
| Prophase | Chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, nuclear envelope breaks down, centrosomes move apart. |
| Metaphase | chromosomes line up at metaphase plate, each attached to spindle fibers |
| Anaphase | Centromeres split, sister chromatids (now chromosomes) pulled to opposite poles, cell elongates |
| Telophase | Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelopes reform, spindle breaks down |
| Cytokinesis | Division of cytoplasm: cleavage furrow (animal cells) or cell plate (plant cells) |
| Cell's basic partd | Plasma Membrane, Cytoplasm, and Nucleus |
| What substances are allowed in PM | Small and Non-polar |
| PM | responsible for cell signaling |
| Head in phospholipid consist | glycerol & phosphates & hydrophilic |
| Tail in phospholipid consist | fatty acid chains & hydrophobic |
| Glycoproteins | Formed from sugar membrane proteins attaching to the membrane proteins |
| Glycoproteins | Extend from the membrane; identifier by the immune system: either self/foreign cells |
| Water movement | low to high concentration |
| Tonicity | Measure of the osmotic pressure of 2 solutions separated by a semi-permeable membrane |
| Tonicity | describe cell's response immersed in an external solution, ex: osmotic pressure |
| Tonicity classifications | Isotonic, Hypertonic, and Hypotonic mediums |
| Isotonic medium | equal concentration of solutes in and out; water continuously move in and out |
| Hypertonic medium | greater concentration of solutes out the cell than in |
| Hypotonic medium | greater concentration of solutes inside the cell than out |
| Salient water | Salt water: isotonic solutions |
| Diffusion | Movements of solutes from high to low concentration |
| Active Membrane Transport | needs energy (ATP) |
| Pump Active Transport | The pump uses a specific carrier protein embedded in the cell membrane to bind to the substance being transported. |
| Vesicular Transport | use PM itself, hug and take in/out; needs ATP |
| Vesicular Transport Types | Endocytosis & Exocytosis |
| Phagocytosis | WBC, Bacteria, other unwanted cells carry by a vesicle fuses w/ a lysosome and destroying the bacteria; engulfs large particles |
| Phospholipid | allow PM to be fluid and selectively permeable |
| Phospholipid | make up the structural foundation |
| Membrane Potential | difference in electrical charge between the PM's in and out; maintain by ion channels and pumps; needs ATP |
| Leakage channels | non-gated ion channel allows ions like K+ and Cl- to flow through the PM down their gradients. |
| Exocytosis | use ATP to transport large particles out |
| Endocytosis | use ATP to transport large particles in |
| DNA replication steps | Initation, Elongation, and Termination |
| Initation | Helicase unwinds DNA, primers added |
| Elongation | DNA polymerase builds new strands |
| Termination | Primers replaced, fragments joined |
| Semiconservative | preserve half of the original DNA in each daughter's cell |
| DNA | Deoxyribonucleic Acid |
| Multinucleated cell | result in in complete cytokinesis |
| 1st step of Scientific Method | Hypothesis |
| 2nd step of Scientific Method | Device testable prediction |
| 3rd step of Scientific Method | Conduct the experiment |
| 4th step of Scientific Method | Draw conclusion |
| Indicators | chemical will change colors in presence of the chemicals |
| Positive control | expecting a change |
| Negative control | expecting no change |
| Osmosis | Passive transport where is the water movement from low to high concentration of solutes. |
| Diffusion | passive transport where solid pass through CM; high to low concentration |
| Integral protein | act as a channel, transporter, or receptors |
| Peripheral protein | act as enzymes/support structures |
| Carrier Proteins | Sometimes rotates, form of movement for protein, and for bigger substances |
| Homeostasis | Primary role of each cell |
| Cellular Extensions | Microvilli, Cilia, & Flagella |
| Microvilli | projections that extend from the surface of the small intestine cell to expand surface area |
| Cilia | Hair-like structures that move the fluid that covers the cells; move waste (dust, mucus, & bacteria) away from lungs |
| Intrafluid (ICF) | separates PM |
| Nucleolus | synethsis rRNA & assemble ribosomal construction |
| Membrane Potential | maintain the difference between in and out; electrical current in PM |
| Net charge of MP | + out & - in |
| Resting MP | when # of leaving = # of going in; concentration are Never Equal; high con always inside |
| Sodium-Potassium's vitality | maintain electrochemical gradient and osmoregulation; for nerve impulses and muscle contraction. |
| Protein | convert info in DNA to protein |
| Gene | provides genetic info needed to build a protein |
| Protein synthesis | translates Nucleotides into Amino acids (protein) |
| DNA synthesis | its goal is to make two identical cells |
| DNA polymerase | creates a complementary copy in the DNA using nucleotides |
| Protein synthesis | happens in all the time until it's time to divide or replicate; ex: G1 and G2 |
| Codon | sequence of 3 nucleotides in RNA |
| Epithelial Tissue | Large sheets covering the organs |
| Epithelia Tissues' types | Covering & Lining epithelia and Glandular epithelia |
| Covering and Lining epithelia | on external and internal surfaces, ex: skin |
| Glandular epithelia | secretory tissue in glands, ex: salivary glands |
| Apical surface | usually open in a space |
| Basal surface | usually touches the connective tissue |
| Polarity in Epithelial cells | certain organelles are always down, and certain organelles are always up. |
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FuirzH