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2025 AICP exam: FPK
Fundamental Planning Knowledge
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Paul Davidoff | done |
| Norman Krumholz | done |
| Sustainability analysis | |
| Sustainable development | |
| What are the 3 E's? | Effectiveness - how well does the project meet its objectives? Efficiency - How much does the project cost in relation to its provided benefits? Equity - how are costs and benefits distributed among different groups? |
| What are the three elements of the Triple Bottom Line? | Framework that considers economic, social, and environmental value and/or impacts |
| Health impact assessment | |
| Freedom of information | |
| Streetcar suburbs | |
| Central Place Theory | Patterns of industries create regional systems of cities. The larger the city, more variety of goods. But fewer large cities. Businesses have diff scale economies (serve diff # of ppl) |
| Urban morphology (form, resolution, time) | |
| What innovations in the 1800s facilitated the creation of the central business district (CBD)? | Hub/spoke urban form of the streetcar. Elevator and structural steel = building taller and more densely Internal economies of scale in production |
| Concentric Zones | done |
| Sector Theory (Hoyt) | done |
| Multiple Nuclei | done |
| Dispersed City | |
| Boomburbs (Lang) | |
| Redlining | |
| Home Owners Loan Corporation | |
| Edge City (Garreau) | |
| Dispersed City | |
| Hardland Bartholomew | |
| Edward Bassett | |
| Catherine Bauer Wurster | |
| Ernest Burgess | |
| What was the City Beautiful movement? Who is attributed to the idea? | A beautiful city could instill civic pride and morals into residents. Includes monuments, pedestrian plazas, grand boulevards, squares Daniel Burnham |
| Le Corbusier | "A Contemporary City" Functionalism; controlling ppl through architecture; high density to decrease transportation distance & preserve land |
| Patrick Geddes | |
| What are Garden Cities? Who invented the idea? Example of one? | Utopian town with benefits of city (high wages, entertainment) and country (fresh air, nature). Invented by Ebenezer Howard. Example: Radburn NJ. |
| Jane Jacobs | |
| Kevin Lynch | |
| Ian McHarg | |
| Robert Moses | |
| Lewis Mumford | "Planning For Urban Growth" |
| Frederick Law Olmstead | Landscape tradition planning movement. Planned suburbs and parks. Designed Central Park. Leader of first American City Planning Institute |
| Clarence Perry | |
| George Pullman | Owned railroad company and factories. Created the first company town - |
| Clarence Stein | |
| Lawrence Veiller | |
| Urban renewal | |
| Regionalism (1910 to 1940) | |
| New Urbanism | |
| Planning theory: Public interest theory | Planning decisions should aim to serve the common good rather than the interests of specific individuals or groups. Transparency, accountability, and inclusiveness |
| Planning theory: incrementalism vs. comprehensiveness | Incrementalism refers to making small, gradual changes rather than large, comprehensive ones. Comprehensiveness involves thorough, all-encompassing planning efforts that address long-term goals and systemic issues. |
| Planning theory: Planning for social equity | Creating fair and just outcomes for all community members, particularly marginalized or disadvantaged groups. |
| Planning theory: Advocacy Planning | Planners actively representing and supporting the interests of underrepresented or marginalized communities. The planner is not neutral. |
| Planning theory: Rational planning | Systematic approach to decision-making. It involves clearly defining goals, gathering and analyzing data, evaluating alternatives, and selecting the most effective solutions. |
| Mixed scanning | Flexible. Combines elements of the rational model and incrementalism, including broad strategic "scans" for overall direction and more detailed analysis for specific issues to focus actions. |
| What are a few roles of a metropolitan planning organization? | Establish a vision and goal for planning in the region. Conduct participatory planning. Prepare Regional Transportation Plan (strategic plan) and Transportation Improvement Plan (list of projects) |
| What are some problems with the gasoline tax as the main source of revenue for transportation? | Gas tax pays for federal programs, money also returned to states Cars are getting more fuel-efficient, and there are more EVs Punishes groups who are only able to travel via car. |
| What does Title VI of the Civil Rights Act require of public transit agencies in large urbanized areas? | Agencies that receive federal funding cannot act in a discriminatory manner (based on sex, race, age, etc) |
| Three types of market failures: Externalities | Externalities - where costs and benefits are paid/enjoyed by others that aren’t directly involved in the action (ex. pollution, congestion, transit use) |
| Three types of market failures: Public goods | non-excludable (impractical to charge people) and non-rivalrous (others can still use it if I’m using it) Ex. Sidewalks, local roads |
| Three types of market failures: Natural monopolies | Bus or rail networks, which benefit from being coordinated with one another. Another provider couldn’t be profitable in the same market |
| Four-step urban transportation model | Trip generation - total number of travel demand in the region Trip distribution - allocation of travel demand between OD pairs Mode split - proportion of trips made by mode for the diff travel demands Trip assignment - route choice within mode |
| Social infrastructure | physical elements of community that act as a conduit to bring people together and build social capital, such as schools, libraries, parks, streets |
| climate retreat | |
| Ecology | A system of interactions between people and their surroundings. |
| Social determinants of health | |
| National Environmental Policy Act; Environmental Impact Statements | |
| Environmental assessment | Evaluating the environmental impacts of development projects, such as identifying potential environmental impacts, assessing the severity of those impacts, and developing strategies to mitigate negative impacts. |
| Hazard mitigation and resiliency planning: Risk assessments | identifying and evaluating potential hazards and their potential impacts on a community to inform strategies for mitigating the impact |
| National Flood Insurance Program (1968) | Federal government provides insurance to reduce flood impacts. Intent was to incentivize moving away from flood-prone areas and investing in flood proofing |
| Wildfire Urban Interface | |
| Brownfields and CERCLA (1980) | done |
| hazard mitigation plans | |
| Infrastructure and service planning: Concurrency | Requirements for infrastructure and services to be in place or scheduled for construction before new development can occur to ensure that new development does not overwhelm the existing infrastructure and services (roads, water supply, wastewater, etc) |
| Blue and green infrastructure | |
| Parks, recreation, and open space: Conservation vs preservation | Conservation aims to use natural resources sustainably, while preservation aims to protect natural resources from human use altogether. |
| Transit-Oriented Development | Policies include: density and use mix minimums, increased height policies, retail on the ground floor, commercial area at the core. Restrict supply of suburban development not served by transit |
| Smart Growth |
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